psych chapter 6

learning

what allows for beneficial changes in our behaviour

cognitive learning

acquiring new knowledge

associative learning

pairing of stimuli

classical conditioning

learning when a neutral stimulus causes a response that was caused by a different stimulus to start

what type of learning is classical conditioning

associative learning

what is an unconditioned response (UCR)

unlearned automatic response to a stimuli

What is a conditioned response (CR)?

learned response to a stimulus

acquisition phase

conditioned and unconditioned response

extinction phase

conditioned response alone

spontaneous recovery

what is association dependant on

repeated temporally contiguous pairings

Generalization

response that originally occurs also occurs to other similar stimuli

discrimination

learning to respond to the original stimulus but not to new similar stimuli

what does generalization and discrimination allow

organisms to make adaptive changes

preparedness

learning a response to a particular class of stimuli

conditioned taste aversions

dislike of food due to it being paired with and illness that you had

higher order classical conditioning

when a CS functions as though it were a UCS

unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

Stimulus that naturally triggers a response.

conditioned stimulus (CS)

stimulus that gives a response after learning

neutral stimulus

a stimulus that does not initially elicit a response

conditioned emotional response

emotional response associated with a specific object/situation

evaluative conditioning

one stimulates takes a emotional valence of another stimuli

examples of evaluative conditioning

celebrity advertisements, Watson Pebeco toothpaste campaign

what are negative political advertising a type of

negative evaluative conditioning

operant conditioning

learning where behaviour is determined by consequences

main differences in classical and operant conditioning in terms of a response

classical automatic response, operant voluntary response

law of effect

responses followed by satisfaction will happen again and those that arent will become less likely

who created the law of effect

Edward Thorndike

who coined operant conditioning

B.F. Skinner

what did B.F Skinner use for operant conditioning

operant boxes (Skinners boxes)

what is operant conditioning built around

reinforcement and punishment

reinforcement

situation that causes an increase in a behaviour

punishment

situations causes a decrease in a behaviour

primary reinforcer

stimuli that satisfy basic motivational needs

secondary reinforcer

stimuli that acquire their value through learning

what do reinforcers activate in the brain

nucleus accumbens

positive reinforcement

adding pleasant stimulus

negative reinforcement

remove aversive stimulus

positive punishment

add aversive stimulus

negative punishment

remove pleasant stimulus

example of positive reinforcement

add stimulus (candy to kids) to increase behaviour (questions)

example of negative reinforcement

remove stimulus (light) to increase behaviour (questions)

positive punishment example

add stimulus (ridicule) to decrease behaviour (questions)

example of negative punishment

remove stimulus (fun videos) to decrease behaviour (questions)

corporal punishment do

interrupts behaviour but only lasts a short time

what is corporal punishment liked with

bad parent child relation shit

poorer mental healt

child deliqunecy

abusive behaviour as adults

what does effectiveness of punishment depends on (applying punishments)

severity

initial punishment level

contiguity and being understood

consistency

showing appropriate behaviours

discriminative stimulus of operant conditioning

The stimulus that has to be present for the operant response to be reinforced.

what happens if reinforcement is delayed

reduces strength of stimulus and the response pairing

application of operant conditioning

shaping, applied behaviour analysis

shaping

specific operant response is created by reinforcing successive approximation of that response

chaining

loping together shaped behaviours

applied behaviour analysis (ABA)

used to shape desirable behaviours

when is (ABA) used

with developmental conditions

schedules of reinforcement

rules that determine when reinforcement is available

continuous reinforcement

reinforcement every time a behaviour occurs

Partial (intermittent) reinforcement

only reinforced after an intermittent amount of time

subtypes of partial reinforcement schedules

ratio vs interval schedules,

fixed vs variable schedules

ratio schedules

number of behaviours required for reinforcement

interval schedules

amount of time needed for reinforcement

fixed schedules

more predictable schedule

variable schedule

more variable schedule

fixed ratio schedule

reinforcement after a specific number of responses

fixed interval schedule

reinforcement after set amount of time

variable interval schedule

first response reinforced after a variable amount of time

variable ration schedule

reinforcement after random number of responses

what do ratio schedules tend to due

generate higher rater of responding

what are variable ratio schedules in terms of behaviour

especially motivating

partial reinforcement effect

takes longer for people to experience extinction when under partial reinforcement then continuous reinforcement

how does casinos drive our addiction

combination of classical and operant condition to then drive our behaviours,

losses disguised as wins

when do superstitions form

when its not clear what behaviour lead to the reward

what can superstition do

have positive effects on controllable behaviours

confirmation bias

seek out evidence that we already believe or want to believe

latent learning

learning that is not expressed until the response is reinforced

observation learning

watching others changes behaviour and knowledge

social learning theory

1. attention

2. memory

3. motor ability

4. motivation

Albert Bandura 'Bobo doll' experiment

See Aggression, Do Aggression- Aggression is learned through a process called behavior modeling

imitation

recreating a behaviour or expression

Desensitization

reduction in emotion-related physiological reactivity in response to a stimulus

media affect on behaviour

positive correlation between violent media and aggressive thoughts and behaviour

mirror neurons

cells that fire when performing and observing an action

what can mirror neurons be influenced by

inferred intention of the movement