renaissance studying

What is a city-state?

An independent city, sometimes with its surrounding land, which has its own government separate from nearby countries.

What is a merchant?

A person who buys and sells commodities for profit; a dealer or trader.

What does the term urban mean?

Belonging to, or relating to, a city or town.

What does the term rural mean?

Of or relating to the country, country people or life, or agriculture.

What were monasteries during the Middle Ages?

Buildings where people lived and worshiped, devoting their time and life to God.

What is a manuscript?

A document written by hand or typewritten, not mechanically printed.

What is a monarchy?

A form of government ruled by a single person who inherits power.

What event led to the Commercial Revolution and increased trade between Christian and Muslim worlds?

The Crusades.

Which country became the hub of trade in Medieval Europe?

Italy.

What was the primary cause of the plague’s spread?

Increasing global interactions and trade.

How did the plague arrive in Italy?

Italian merchant ships from the Black Sea.

How did the plague affect population and food supply?

The population decreased, creating a food surplus and lower prices.

After the plague, serfs and craftsmen could demand _.

higher prices for goods and labor

Why did the Catholic Church lose power during the plague?

Prayers failed to stop disease and priests died or abandoned communities.

What were indulgences?

Papal documents forgiving sins, often sold for money.

The Bubonic Plague led to the decline of which system?

The Feudal System.

The Ciompi Revolt occurred in which city?

Florence.

Indulgences were compared to a “get out of jail free card” for what place?

Purgatory.

What does the word Renaissance mean?

Rebirth.

Which classical cultures were revived during the Renaissance?

Greece and Rome.

What three factors allowed the Renaissance to begin in Italy?

Thriving cities, wealthy merchants, and classical heritage.

Italy was largely _ while the rest of Europe was rural.

urban

How did wealthy merchants gain political power in city-states?

They used wealth to influence politics and acted as patrons.

Which city-state was controlled by the Medici family?

Florence.

How did Renaissance scholars revive classical learning?

By studying Roman ruins, Latin manuscripts, and Greek texts.

What is Humanism?

An intellectual movement focused on human potential and achievement.

Who is called the Father of Humanism?

Francesco Petrarch.

How did humanists view life differently than medieval thinkers?

They believed life on Earth should be enjoyed and potential fulfilled.

The focus on worldly matters is called _.

secularism

A financial supporter of artists is called a _.

patron

What subjects make up the humanities?

Grammar, rhetoric, poetry, moral philosophy, and history.

A person skilled in many fields was called a _ man.

Renaissance

Who wrote The Courtier?

Baldassare Castiglione

According to The Courtier, what was expected of women?

They should inspire art but not create it.

What artistic technique creates the illusion of depth?

Perspective

In perspective drawing, lines meet at the _.

vanishing point

How did Renaissance religious art differ from Medieval art?

It showed realism and human emotion.

Who was a true Renaissance man: artist, inventor, scientist?

Leonardo da Vinci

What are two famous works by Leonardo da Vinci?

The Mona Lisa and The Last Supper

Who painted the Sistine Chapel ceiling and sculpted David?

Michelangelo Buonarroti

Who painted the School of Athens?

Raphael Sanzio

Who was the first internationally famous female Renaissance artist?

Sofonisba Anguissola

Which artist painted heroic women?

Artemisia Gentileschi

Writing in the local spoken language is called _.

vernacular

The Divine Comedy was written in the _.

vernacular

Petrarch wrote sonnets about whom?

Laura

What is a sonnet?

A 14-line poem

Who wrote The Decameron?

Giovanni Boccaccio

Who wrote The Prince?

Niccolò Machiavelli

According to Machiavelli, is it better to be loved or feared?

Feared

Which female writer exchanged sonnets with Michelangelo?

Vittoria Colonna

Where did the Renaissance first spread in Northern Europe?

Flanders

How did the 1494 invasion of Italy spread Renaissance ideas?

Artists fled north and shared ideas.

How did Northern Renaissance art differ from Italian art?

It focused on everyday people and religious themes.

What medium was preferred in Italy versus the North?

Italy used frescoes; the North used oil and book illustrations.

Which German artist was famous for woodcuts and engravings?

Albrecht Dürer

Who painted detailed portraits of Henry VIII?

Hans Holbein the Younger

Which artist pioneered oil painting realism?

Jan van Eyck

Who painted peasant life scenes?

Pieter Bruegel

What was Christian Humanism?

Classical learning combined with Christian teachings.

Who wrote The Praise of Folly?

Desiderius Erasmus

What did Erasmus believe was key to reform?

Education in classics and the Bible

Who wrote Utopia?

Thomas More

Who questioned women’s treatment in The City of Ladies?

Christine de Pizan

England’s Renaissance period is called the _ Age.

Elizabethan

Who was the greatest playwright of the Elizabethan Age?

William Shakespeare

Who invented movable type in China?

Bi Sheng

Why was movable type more effective in Europe?

Fewer letters than Chinese characters

Who developed the European printing press?

Johannes Gutenberg

What was the first major printed book?

The Gutenberg Bible

What was the printing press’s greatest impact?

Cheaper books, spread of ideas, and increased literacy