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Consciousness
awareness of internal and external stimuli
Biological rhythms
internal
rhythms of biological activity
A circadian rhythm
is a biological rhythm that takes place over a period of 24 hours such as our sleep wake
cycle
Blindsight
due to damage to the primary visual cortex (occipital lobe)/Viewed as a defense mechanism to deny visual information that may cause us anxiety, fear or shame
Jet lag
collection of symptoms brought on by travel from one
time zone to another that results from the mismatch between
our internal circadian cycles and our environment
Rotating shift work
work schedule that changes from early to late on a daily or weekly basis
Sleep debt
result of insufficient sleep on a chronic basis
Sleep rebound
a sleep-deprived individual will tend to take a shorter time to fall asleep during subsequent opportunities for sleep
What is Sleep
Low levels of physical activity
Patterns of activity of the brain measured by electroencephalography (EEG)
Areas of the Brain Involved in Sleep
● Pineal gland secretes melatonin
● Pituitary gland secretes follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and growth hormone
Adaptive Function
Sleep conserves energy or keeps us safe from predation but little research supports these ideas
Cognitive Function
Sleep is necessary for cognitive function and memory formation
Rapid eye movement (REM)
characterized by darting movements of the eyes under closed eyelids
● Brain waves during —— sleep appear very similar to brain
waves during wakefulness.
Non-REM (NREM)
sleep is subdivided into three stages distinguished from each other and from wakefulness by characteristic patterns of brain waves
Stages of NREM Sleep
● Stage 1 sleep: first stage of sleep; transitional phase that
occurs between wakefulness and sleep; the period during
which a person drifts off to sleep; alpha waves
● Stage 2 sleep: second stage of sleep; the body goes into deep
relaxation; characterized by the appearance of sleep spindles
(high frequency) & theta waves; REM sleep
● Stage 3 sleep: third stage of sleep; deep sleep characterized
by low frequency, high amplitude delta waves
Emotional sleep/dream theory
integrate emotional and cognitive experiences…
form of problem-solving
Activation-synthesis theory
humans construct dream stories after they wake up, in a natural attempt to make sense of the nonsensical
Threat-simulation theory
simulates potential threatening events, thus enhancing the mechanisms required for efficient threat avoidance
Expectation-fulfillment theory
discharges emotional arousals that haven’t been expressed during the day
Continual-activation theory
creating and consolidating new long-term memories.
Memory consolidation theory
brains process and consolidate the memories and experiences of the day, integrating new information with existing knowledge
Sigmund Freud
Saw dreams as a way to gain access to the unconscious.
• Manifest content – the actual content of the dream.
• Latent content – the hidden meaning of the dream.
Carl Jung
Believed that dreams allowed us to tap into the collective unconscious.
Collective unconscious – theoretical repository of information shared by all
people across cultures.
- Believed that certain symbols in dreams reflected universal archetypes.- same
symbols mean similar things to different people
Research:
- Dreams may represent life events that are important to the dreamer.
- Dreaming may represent a state of protoconsciousness, or a virtual reality, in the
mind that helps a person during consciousness.
Lucid dreams
A person becomes aware that they are dreaming.
Sleep Apnea
breathing stops for 10–20 seconds or longer multiple times in an hour.
Treatment: Continuous Positive Air Pressure (CPAP) machines
Insomnia
difficulty in falling or staying asleep for at least three nights a week for at least one month’s time
Treatments:
● Exercise
● Limiting stimulant use
● Cognitive behavioral therapy
Narcolepsy
cannot resist falling to sleep at inopportune times Shares many features of REM sleep including
Treatment: Amphetamines
Hypnagogic hallucinations
vivid, dream-like hallucinations
PARASOMNIA
Sleep walking,REM sleep behavior disorder,Restless leg syndrome,Night terrors
Sleep walking
Usually occurs during slow-wave sleep
Restless leg syndrome
Involves uncomfortable sensations in the legs when trying to fall asleep that are relieved by moving the legs.
- Can be treated with a variety of medications
Night terrors
Sleeper experiences a sense of panic and may scream or attempt to escape. occurs during NREW sleep
SUDDEN INFANT DEATH SYNDROME (SIDS)
Occurs when an infant stops breathing during sleep and dies.
- Infants younger than 12months are at the highest risk.
- Boys have a greater risk than girls
Contributing Factors:
Premature birth, smoking within home, hyperthermia
Substance Abuse Disorder:
addictive disorder where the person has a compulsive pattern of drug use
●Physical dependence involves changes in normal bodily functions
●The user will experience withdrawal from the drug upon cessation
of use
●Tolerance occurs when a person requires more drug to achieve
effects previously experienced at lower doses
●Psychological dependence is an emotional need for the drug
Depressants
Alcohol
●Suppress central nervous
system activity
●Agonists of the gamma-
aminobutyric acid (GABA)
neurotransmitter system
Stimulants
Cocaine, amphetamines, MDMA (ecstasy), nicotine, caffeine
● increase overall levels of neural activity
● agonists
(mimic/strengthen) of the dopamine neurotransmitter system
Opioids
Heroin, morphine, methadone, codeine
● Decrease pain
● Naturally, the body makes small quantities of opioid compounds that bind to opioid receptors reducing pain and producing euphoria
● Extremely high potential for abuse
Hallucinogens
Marijuana, psylocybin (shrooms), mescaline (peyote), LSD
● Result in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual
experiences
● Impact different neurotransmitters
● Multi-year use of marijuana correlated with early
adulthood schizophrenia
NICOTINE AND CAFFEINE
also stimulants
Caffeine
Increases levels of alertness and arousal
Nicotine
Plays a role in arousal and reward mechanisms
Psychoactive Drugs
Fentanyl
*highly addictive
*highly toxic/fatal
*use of Narcan
Xylazine
inject; acts like fentanyl
highly toxic & addictive
*not responsive to Narcan or any other remediation
Hypnosis
extreme self-focus
Dissociation view
dissociated state of consciousness
Social-cognitive theory
people perform a social role