Studied by 3 people
native species
a species the evolved in a specific area
surface area fomula
cube: 6 (a x a)
rectangle: 2(lw)+2(lh)+2(wh)
total atp produced in cellular respiration
38
how can you tell if a trait is recessive?
it skips a generation
incomplete dominance
when both alleles are expressed as mixed together (red+white=pink)
co-dominance
both alleles are equally present on an organism (brown+black=spotted)
hypertonic
high concentration of water inside the cell/ low concentration outside the cell; water goes out of the cell causing it to shrink
hypotonic
low concentration of water inside the cell/ high concentration outside the cell; water goes into the cell causing it to swell
isotonic
water concentration is equal inside and outside the cell; water moves in and out of the cell equally so the cell doesn’t change size
diffusion
osmosis
the movement of water molecules from HIGH to LOW concentration through a cell membrane
diffusion
molecules mover from HIGH to LOW concentration through a cell membrane without using cellular energy
endocytosis
the process of moving large molecules into a cell
exocytosis
the process of moving large molecules out of a cell
pinocytosis
endocytosis of a liquid
phagocytosis
endocytosis of a solid
receptor medicated endocytosis
for a molecule to be excepted into the cell it must fit into the shape of the receptors on the outside of the cell membrane
active transport
requires energy to transport molecules against the concentration gradient
facilitated diffusion
diffusion that needs help to get things through the membrane
submetacentric
the centromere is in the middle of the center and the top of the chromosome
metacentric
the centomere is in the center of the chromosome
anacentric
the centromere in at the top of the chromosome
terminal deletion
a deletion at the end of a chromosome
cri du chat
genetic disorder caused by missing pieces of a chromosome
williams syndrome
caused by a partial deletion of chromosome 7; affects many parts of the body
klinefelters syndrome
when a male has an extra X chromosome
list the kingdoms
archea
monera
protista
fungidae
plantae
animalia
archea
archeabacteria; only live in harsh enviroments; prokaryotic
monera
all other bacteria; live everywhere; some are harmful some are helpful; prokaryotic
protistia
some have chlorophyll, some don’t and eat other protista; live in water; single cell eukaryotes
fungidae
mulitcellular eukaryotes; absorb nutrients from decaying material; NOT plants
plantae
multicellular eukaryotes; autotrophs (photosynthesize); sessile
animalia
multicellular eukaryotes; heterotrophs; motile
catalyst
helps start and speed up a reaction by lowering activation energy
enzyme
a protein that acts as a catalyst
active site
a specially shaped area in an enzyme that fits around the substrate
substrate
a molecule that the enzyme works on
product
the substrate after its been worked on
describe how an enzyme works
the substrate fits into the active site and the enzyme works as a catalyst to start a reaction with the substrate. the substrate is then turned into a product.
denaturing
when a protein or enzyme unravel
what causes denaturing?
temperature, activators, pH level, and inhibitors
photosynthesis
6CO2+6H2O=C6H12O6+6O2
where does the energy from photosynthesis come from
sunlight
what plant pigments are involved in photosynthesis
chlorophyll
why is chlorophyll green
chlorophyll absorbs mainly red and blue light and reflects green light
how does energy change as wavelength changes
wavelength goes up, energy goes down
wavelength goes down, energy goes up
where does photosynthesis take place
chloroplast
2 stages of photosynthesis
light dependent reactions
calvin cycle
where do the light dependent reactions occur
thylakoid
where does the calvin cycle occur
stroma
what happens to water molecules in the light reactions
h2o is split into o2 and h+ ions
what is the waste product of photosynthesis
oxygen
what 2 products of the light reaction are used in the calvin cycle
ATP
NADPH
what happens to carbon dioxide in the calvin cycle
they are combined with each other and with the electrons and h+ ions from NADPH to form glucose (C6H12O6)
how do plant cells store the sugar produced in photosynthesis
as starch
autotrophs
organisms that make their own food
krebs cycle
occurs in mitochondrion
anerobic
doesn’t require oxygen
aerobic
requires oxygen
energy
the ability to do work
ATP
energy storing molecule
sunlight
starts photosynthesis
light independent reaction
doesn’t require sunlight
chlorophyll
traps sunlight
alcoholic fermentation
converts pyruvic acid into ethyl alcohol
occurs in yeast and bacteric
lactic acid fermentation
converts pyruvic acid into lactic acid
occurs in animals and humans
how many ATP does glycosis produce
2
how many ATP does the krebs cycle produce
2
how many ATP does electron transport chain produce
28-34
what are the hydrogen carrying molecules produced in glycosis
NADH
where does glycosis occur
outside the mitochondria
what happens to pyruvic acid during krebs cycle
it becomes 3 carbon molecules
occurs in mitochondrial matrix
what are the 2 hydrogen carrying molecules made in the krebs cycle
NADH+
FADH2
how many hydrogen carrying molecules are produced in glycolysis
2 NADH
0 FADH2
how many hydrogen carrying molecules are produced in krebs cycle
4 NADH
1 FADH2
how many hydrogen carrying molecules are produced in ETC
4 NADH
1 FADH2
where does ETC occur
inner mitochondrial membrane
what doe sthe carrier proteins transport across the inner mitochondrial membrane
H+
what energy molcules does the ETC form
ATP
what atom accepts the H+ at the end of the ETC
oxygen
why is ETC aerobic
it used oxygen to accept the H+ and make H2O
volume formula
cube: a x a x a
rectangle: lwh
invasive species
species not native to an area but introduced from another
can be accidental or purposeful
pioneer species
species that can live on bare rock; organisms that can turn rock into soil
endimic species
species only found in one place on earth
keystone species
species that play a big role in maintaining a environment and have a greater impact than expected
10% rule for transplant species
10% are successful
10% become pests (they have natural predators)
list the domains
Archea
bacteria
eukarya
archea
only includes archeabacteria that live in harsh environments
bacteria
includes all regular bacteria that live everywhere
eukarya
includes all eukaryotes; protozans, fungi, plants, animals
Note 
Flashcard (20)