Biology Final Exam

native species

a species the evolved in a specific area

surface area fomula

* cube: 6 (a x a)
* rectangle: 2(lw)+2(lh)+2(wh)

total atp produced in cellular respiration

38

how can you tell if a trait is recessive?

it skips a generation

incomplete dominance

when both alleles are expressed as mixed together (red+white=pink)

co-dominance

both alleles are equally present on an organism (brown+black=spotted)

hypertonic

high concentration of water inside the cell/ low concentration outside the cell; water goes out of the cell causing it to shrink

hypotonic

low concentration of water inside the cell/ high concentration outside the cell; water goes into the cell causing it to swell

isotonic

water concentration is equal inside and outside the cell; water moves in and out of the cell equally so the cell doesn’t change size

diffusion

osmosis

the movement of water molecules from HIGH to LOW concentration through a cell membrane

diffusion

molecules mover from HIGH to LOW concentration through a cell membrane without using cellular energy

endocytosis

the process of moving large molecules into a cell

exocytosis

the process of moving large molecules out of a cell

pinocytosis

endocytosis of a liquid

phagocytosis

endocytosis of a solid

receptor medicated endocytosis

for a molecule to be excepted into the cell it must fit into the shape of the receptors on the outside of the cell membrane

active transport

requires energy to transport molecules against the concentration gradient

facilitated diffusion

diffusion that needs help to get things through the membrane

submetacentric

the centromere is in the middle of the center and the top of the chromosome

metacentric

the centomere is in the center of the chromosome

anacentric

the centromere in at the top of the chromosome

terminal deletion

a deletion at the end of a chromosome

cri du chat

genetic disorder caused by missing pieces of a chromosome

williams syndrome

caused by a partial deletion of chromosome 7; affects many parts of the body

klinefelters syndrome

when a male has an extra X chromosome

list the kingdoms

* archea
* monera
* protista
* fungidae
* plantae
* animalia

archea

archeabacteria; only live in harsh enviroments; prokaryotic

monera

all other bacteria; live everywhere; some are harmful some are helpful; prokaryotic

protistia

some have chlorophyll, some don’t and eat other protista; live in water; single cell eukaryotes

fungidae

mulitcellular eukaryotes; absorb nutrients from decaying material; NOT plants

plantae

multicellular eukaryotes; autotrophs (photosynthesize); sessile

animalia

multicellular eukaryotes; heterotrophs; motile

catalyst

helps start and speed up a reaction by lowering activation energy

enzyme

a protein that acts as a catalyst

active site

a specially shaped area in an enzyme that fits around the substrate

substrate

a molecule that the enzyme works on

product

the substrate after its been worked on

describe how an enzyme works

the substrate fits into the active site and the enzyme works as a catalyst to start a reaction with the substrate. the substrate is then turned into a product.

denaturing

when a protein or enzyme unravel

what causes denaturing?

temperature, activators, pH level, and inhibitors

photosynthesis

6CO2+6H2O=C6H12O6+6O2

where does the energy from photosynthesis come from

sunlight

what plant pigments are involved in photosynthesis

chlorophyll

why is chlorophyll green

chlorophyll absorbs mainly red and blue light and reflects green light

how does energy change as wavelength changes

* wavelength goes up, energy goes down
* wavelength goes down, energy goes up

where does photosynthesis take place

chloroplast

2 stages of photosynthesis

* light dependent reactions
* calvin cycle

where do the light dependent reactions occur

thylakoid

where does the calvin cycle occur

stroma

what happens to water molecules in the light reactions

h2o is split into o2 and h+ ions

what is the waste product of photosynthesis

oxygen

what 2 products of the light reaction are used in the calvin cycle

* ATP
* NADPH

what happens to carbon dioxide in the calvin cycle

they are combined with each other and with the electrons and h+ ions from NADPH to form glucose (C6H12O6)

how do plant cells store the sugar produced in photosynthesis

as starch

autotrophs

organisms that make their own food

krebs cycle

occurs in mitochondrion

anerobic

doesn’t require oxygen

aerobic

requires oxygen

energy

the ability to do work

ATP

energy storing molecule

sunlight

starts photosynthesis

light independent reaction

doesn’t require sunlight

chlorophyll

traps sunlight

alcoholic fermentation

* converts pyruvic acid into ethyl alcohol
* occurs in yeast and bacteric

lactic acid fermentation

* converts pyruvic acid into lactic acid
* occurs in animals and humans

how many ATP does glycosis produce

2

how many ATP does the krebs cycle produce

2

how many ATP does electron transport chain produce

28-34

what are the hydrogen carrying molecules produced in glycosis

NADH

where does glycosis occur

outside the mitochondria

what happens to pyruvic acid during krebs cycle

it becomes 3 carbon molecules

* occurs in mitochondrial matrix

what are the 2 hydrogen carrying molecules made in the krebs cycle

* NADH+
* FADH2

how many hydrogen carrying molecules are produced in glycolysis

2 NADH

0 FADH2

how many hydrogen carrying molecules are produced in krebs cycle

4 NADH

1 FADH2

how many hydrogen carrying molecules are produced in ETC

4 NADH

1 FADH2

where does ETC occur

inner mitochondrial membrane

what doe sthe carrier proteins transport across the inner mitochondrial membrane

H+

what energy molcules does the ETC form

ATP

what atom accepts the H+ at the end of the ETC

oxygen

why is ETC aerobic

it used oxygen to accept the H+ and make H2O

volume formula

* cube: a x a x a
* rectangle: lwh

invasive species

species not native to an area but introduced from another

* can be accidental or purposeful

pioneer species

species that can live on bare rock; organisms that can turn rock into soil

endimic species

species only found in one place on earth

keystone species

species that play a big role in maintaining a environment and have a greater impact than expected

10% rule for transplant species

* 10% are successful
* 10% become pests (they have natural predators)

list the domains

* Archea
* bacteria
* eukarya

archea

only includes archeabacteria that live in harsh environments

bacteria

includes all regular bacteria that live everywhere

eukarya

includes all eukaryotes; protozans, fungi, plants, animals