Module 5- Building Immunity- Vaccines & Vaccination

4 criteria’s for choosing to give a vaccine

• know identity of organism causing disease

• Immune process doesn’t contribute to disease process

• Immunity can be induced

• Risk of vaccination doesn’t exceed risk of disease

T or F We have a way of knowing if a car has been vaccinated for FIV or been exposed to FIV, if they have antibodies in their system?

False

(Test is indirect- cannot differentiate antibodies)

2 types of immunization

1. Passive immunity

2. Active immunity

What is passive immunity

• temporary

• Provides immediate protection

• Catabolized

   

What is the most common toxoid vaccine on the market?

Tetanus toxoid vaccine.

What are the 3 types of passive immunity

•Maternal (via placenta or colostrum)

•Artificial (inject serum with antibodies to a specific dz)

•Monoclonal antibodies (made in a lab)

What is active immunity

• long last

• Takes long time to come into effect

• Created by contacting disease or being vaccinated

What are the 2 types of active immunity

Natural active (infection)

Artificial active (vaccination)

5 things vaccination can be created with

• metabolic products

• Dead organisms

• Living organisms

• Recombinant

• Synthetic antigens

6 things that constitute ideal vaccine

• promote resistance to disease

• Stimulate long-lived immunity

• Remain stable at room temp

• Minimal side effects

• Inexpensive

• Stimulate immune response distinguishable from natural infection so you can vaccinate and eradicate simultaneously

List one pro and con for living vaccines

• Stimulate the best and most complete immune response

• Present hazards due to its abIlity to cause disease

List a pro and con for dead vaccines

• safer

• relatively poor at stimulating an immune response

How are modified live vaccines made

• use similar virus from another animal species

• Grow pathogen in unnatural host or cell culture for multiple generations to weaken pathogen

How are dead vaccines made

• expose pathogen to heat/chemicals

• Needs addition of an adjuvant to increase immunogenicity

Define adjuvant

Anything which increases efficacy and/or potency

How does a toxoid vaccine work? **Different from antitoxin**

Fights the toxin a pathogen emits, not the pathogen itself

When body comes in contact with toxins from pathogen, it has ability to fight them

Antibodies bind and neutralize the toxin

What is a toxoid?

Chemically or heat inactivated form of the toxin, but immunogenicity is retained

List the 3 categories of adjuvants

1. Microbial

2. Chemical

3. Mammalian proteins

Microbial Adjuvants

Stimulate cytokines, contain endotoxins, (e.g. killed bacteria, toxoids)

Chemical Adjuvants

Trap antigen at sites (eg alum, aluminum hydroxide)

Mammalian Protein Adjuvants

transporter proteins bind to MHV and attach some Ag (eg squalene- Shark liver oil)

Attenuation

To make less pathogenic

The process of reducing virulence of an organism until it is still alive but unable to cause a disease allowing its use in vaccines.

5 new generation vaccines

1. Subunit vaccines

2. Gene deleted vaccines

3. Live recombinant or “vector” vaccines

4. DNA (plasmid) vaccines

5. Synthetic peptide vaccines

List some advantages for new generation vaccines

• lower risk of infection

• Can be very targeted to certain cells

• Only portions of pathogen are used

List some disadvantages of new generation vaccines

• lower immunogenicity

• Require adjuvants

What are the 6 steps to second generation vaccines

• map DNA of pathogen

• Isolate DNA that produces antigens

• DNA fragments inserted into self replication cell

• Inserted into host bacteria or yeast

• Plasmid synthesis

• Protein harvest

What is second generation vaccines

Involves recombinant DNA techniques to isolate genetic material coding for type of antigen

How do gene deleted vaccines work

DNA of infectious organism mapped and part that causes illness in animal is identified

Slide 21 (other approaches to vaccines- vector vaccines