Unit 4 WHAP Vocab

Queen Elizabeth l

• Achievements: Led England through the Elizabethan era, promoted exploration, defeated the Spanish Armada, fostered arts and culture, established religious stability.

• Legacy: Known as the "Virgin Queen," she left a lasting impact on English history and is remembered as one of the greatest monarchs.

• Ruled England for 45 years (King Henry’s daughter)

Philip ll

King of Spain from 1556-1598. Known for expanding Spanish influence, sending the Spanish Armada against England, and leading the Counter-Reformation.

Queen Isabella & Ferdinand

• Monarchs of Spain during the late 15th century

• Funded Christopher Columbus' voyages to the New World

• Implemented the Spanish Inquisition to enforce religious conformity

• United Spain when they married

Prince Henry the Navigator

Portuguese explorer who sponsored numerous expeditions and established a navigation school.

Spanish Armada

A massive fleet of Spanish ships sent by King Philip II to invade England in 1588.

Vasco Da Gama

Explorer who sailed from Portugal to India in 1498, opening a sea route to the East.

Ferdinand Magellan

The first person to circumnavigate the globe

Christopher Columbus

• Italian explorer

• Sailed for Spain

• Discovered the New World in 1492

• Mistakenly thought he reached Asia

• Opened up European exploration and colonization of the Americas

Jacques Cartier

French explorer: explored St.Lawrence River

Francis Drake

• English/British explorer and privateer

• 2nd person to circumnavigate the globe

• Led successful raids on Spanish ships and settlements

• Helped defeat the Spanish Armada in 1588

Conquistadors

Spanish conquerors who explored and conquered the Americas during the 15th and 16th centuries, seeking wealth, power, and spreading Christianity.

Scientific Revolution

Intellectual movement in Europe, laid groundwork for modern science

Hernan Cortes

• Spanish conquistador

• Led the expedition to conquer the Aztec Empire

• Conquered Tenochtitlan in 1521

Francisco Pizarro

Conquistador who conquered the Inca Empire in Peru.

Henry Hudson

English explorer who sought a northern passage to Asia. He made four voyages in the early 17th century, discovering Hudson Bay, Hudson Strait, and the Hudson River.

Northwest Passage

A hypothesized sea route through the Arctic Ocean, connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, sought by explorers to find a faster trade route to Asia.

Dutch Trading Empire

• Dominant maritime power in the 17th century

• Controlled global trade routes

• Established colonies and trading posts

• Known for the Dutch East India Company

• Contributed to the rise of capitalism

Java

• Island in Indonesia (Southeast Asia)

• Dutch trading capital in Southeast Asia

Caravel

A small, fast Spanish or Portuguese sailing ship

Astrolabe

Instrument used to determine location by observing stars

Compass

An instrument containing a magnetized pointer which shows the direction of magnetic north and bearings from it

Galleons

A sailing ship in use (especially by Spain) as a warship, later for trade. Were mainly square-rigged and usually had three or more decks and masts. (large, heavily armed ships used to carry silver)

Carrack

A large merchant ship of a kind operating in European waters in the 14th to the 17th century.

Fluyt

Dutch sailing vessel, designed to facilitate transoceanic delivery

Cartography

Science of making maps

Maize

Corn

Measles

An infectious viral disease causing fever and a red rash on the skin, typically occurring in childhood.

Smallpox

The overall deadliest known which causes fever, skin eruption, and pustules leaving permanent scars (enters through the respiratory system)

Malaria

Diseases caused by mosquitos

Typhoid

Infectious bacterial disease causes fever, red spots on chest and abdomen

Cholera

Intestinal infection caused by ingestion of contaminated food or water

Great Dying

Massive epidemic caused by Old World diseases after Columbian Exchange

Sugarcane

1 of the primary crops of the Americas, required a tremendous amount of labor to cultivate

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases and ideas

Vodun

“Voodoo” African religious ideas and practices among descendants of African slaves

Cult of Saints

This describes a particular popular personal devotion or abandonment to a particular deity or deities again side stepping the clergy. (Use of local beliefs to make Natives in Latin America convert)

Virgin of Guadalupe

Is a Catholic title of Mary, mother of Jesus associated with a series of five Marian apparitions to a Mexican peasant named Juan Diego and his uncle, Juan Bernardino, which are believed to have occurred in December 1531.

Florentine Codex

A document that is a major source of information on Aztec history and culture

Bank of Amsterdam

It was the first public bank to offer accounts not directly convertible to coin

Joint-stock companies

A company whose stock is owned jointly by the shareholders.

Mercantilism

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought

Primogeniture Laws

A system of inheritance in which a person's property passes to their firstborn legitimate child upon their death.

Adam Smith

Scottish moral philosopher and a pioneer of political economics. Seen today as the father of Capitalism. Wrote On the Wealth of Nations (1776) One of the key figures of the Scottish Enlightenment.

Capitalism

An economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit.

Monopoly

The exclusive possession or control of the supply of or trade in a commodity or service.

The Wealth of Nations

British philosopher and writer Adam Smith's 1776 book that described his theory on free trade, otherwise known as laissez-faire economics

Dutch East India Company

A trading company established by the Netherlands in 1602 to protect and expand its trade in Asia

British East India Company

A joint stock company that controlled most of India during the period of imperialism. This company controlled the political, social, and economic life in India for more than 200 years.

Encomienda System

System in Spanish America that gave settlers the right to tax local Indians or to demand their labor in exchange for protecting them and teaching them skills (disguised form of slavery)

Potosi

Mine located in upper Peru (modern Bolivia); largest of New World silver mines; produced 80 percent of all Peruvian silver

Triangular Trade

A three-way system of trade: Africa sent slaves to America, America sent Raw Materials to Europe, and Europe sent Guns and Rum to Africa

Cash Crops

A crop produced for its commercial value rather than for use by the grower.

Tobacco

(cash crop that made a profit and saved Jamestown) a preparation of the nicotine-rich leaves of an American plant, which are cured by a process of drying and fermentation for smoking or chewing

Indentured Servitude

Is a form of labor in which a person is contracted to work without salary for a specific number of years

Commercial Revolution

A dramatic change in the economy of Europe at the end of the Middle Ages. It is characterized by an increase in towns and trade, the use of banks and credit, and the establishment of guilds to regulate quality and price.

Little Ice Age

A period of cooling temperatures and harsh winters that lasted for much of the early modern era.

Piracy

An act of robbery or criminal violence by ship or boat-borne attackers upon another ship or a coastal area, typically with the goal of stealing cargo and other valuable goods

Chattel Slavery

• an enslaved person who is owned for ever and whose children and children's children are automatically enslaved.

• are individuals treated as complete property, to be bought and sold

Plantation Economy

An economic system based on the ownership of land on which staple crops were raised on a large scale for domestic and international sale, typically by enslaved laborers.

Guangzhou

a coastal city in southeastern China, also known as Canton

Nagasaki

Japanese city devastated during World War II when the United States dropped the second atomic bomb on Aug 8th, 1945.

Goa

a state in western India; formerly a coastal city that was made the base of Portugal's Indian trade

Colony

a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country, typically a distant one, and occupied by settlers from that country

Hispaniola

1st island in Caribbean (present day Haiti & the Dominican Republic) settled by Spaniards; settlement founded by Columbus on second voyage to New World; Spanish base of operations for further discoveries in New World.

Jamestown

The first permanent English settlement in North America, found in East Virginia

Aztec Empire

Major state that developed in what is now Mexico in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries; dominated by the seminomadic Mexica, who had migrated into the region from northern Mexico.

Incan Empire

a Mesoamerican civilization in the Andes Mountains in South America that by the end of the 1400s was the largest empire in the Americas including much of what is now Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia, and Chile; conquered by Pizarro

New Spain

After the defeat of the Aztecs, it was a Spanish colony. Its capital was Mexico City.

Tenochtitlan

Capital of the Aztec Empire

Mexico City

Capital of New Spain

Lima

Capital of Peru

Treaty of Tordesillas

set the boundary established in 1493 to define Spanish and Portuguese possessions in the Americas.

Bartolome de Las Casas

a Peninsulares priest that stopped the Indian's from being used as slaves

Viceroys

(governor) representatives of the Spanish monarch in Spain's colonial empire

Viceroyalties

territories governed by a viceroy (The name for the four provinces ruled by Viceroys: New Spain, Peru, New Granada, and La Plata)

Audiencias

(spanish royal courts to appeal viceroys decisions) Councils made of rich Spanish colonists who give advise to the viceroys

Haciendas

(a large estate or plantation with a dwelling house) (Rural estates that paid natives low wages to work) in Spanish colonies in the New World; produced agricultural products for consumers in America; basis of wealth and power for local aristocracy.

Rio de Janiero

(used to be capital of brazil) Brazilian port, close to mines of Minas Gerias, importance grew with gold strikes, became colonial capital in 1763

New Amsterdam

Dutch colonial settlement that served as the capital of New Netherland. This later became "New York City"

Manila

Capital of the Spanish Philippines and a major multicultural trade city that already had a population of more than 40,000 by 1600.

Sociedad de Castas

American social system based on racial origins; Europeans or whites at top, black slaves or Native Americans at bottom, mixed races in middle.

Middle Passage

(the leg of the triangular trade linking Africa to the Americas) A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies

Atlantic Slave Trade

the buying, transporting, and selling of Africans for work in the Americas

Creoles

Spaniards born in Latin America (American-born descendants of Spanish settlers)

Peninsulares

(ppl born in spain) came to Latin America; ruled, highest social class.

Castas

(paintings to organize classes) a middle-level status between Europeans at the top; and Amerindians and blacks at the bottom

Mestizos

people of Native American and European/Spanish descent

Mulattoes

People of African and European descent

Zambos

People of mixed Native American and African descent. Lowest tier of social class, with no rights whatsoever.

African Diaspora

The separation of Africans from their homeland through centuries of forced removal to serve as slaves in the Americas and elsewhere.

Boers

Also known as Afrikaners, the sector of the white population of South Africa that was descended from early Dutch settlers

Cape Colony

(a former province of South Africa that was settled by the Dutch in 1652 and ceded to Great Britain in 1814) Dutch colony established at Cape of Good Hope, to provide a coastal station for Dutch ships traveling to and from the East Indies; settlers expanded and fought with Bantu and other Africans.

Nzinga Mvemba

ruler of the Kongo kingdom (1507-1543); converted to Christianity; his efforts to integrate Portuguese and African ways foundered because of the slave trade.

Royal African Company

English joint-stock company that enjoyed a state-granted monopoly on the colonial slave trade from 1672 until 1698. The supply of slaves to the North American colonies rose sharply once the company lost its monopoly privileges.

Asante Empire

Established in Gold Coast among Akan people settled around Kumasi; dominated by Oyoko clan; many clans linked under Osei Tutu after 1650.

Kingdom of the Kongo

Kingdom dominating small states along the Congo River that maintained effective, centralized government and a royal currency until the seventeenth century.

Swahili Arabs

(Arabs living in Africa for trading purposes) Immigrants to Swahili city-states from Persia, typically merchants; integrated into Swahili society and brought Islamic culture such as mosques. Birth of the Swahili language

Maroons

escaped slave communities

Marronage

runaway african slaves

Palenques

settlements and communities established by Africans who actively resisted Slavery in Spanish Colonial Mexico