Ch.8-Evloutionary perspectives of persomality pscyh

Natural selection

Process by which adaptions are created and change takes place over time

Hostile forces of nature

ny event that impedes survival, food shortages,  parasites, predators, and extremes of weather

sexual selection

mating benefits rather than because of surival benefits

two forms-Intrasexual competition and intersexual competition

Intrasexual competition

members of the same sex compete with each other and the outcome of their contest gives the winner greater sexual access to members of the same sex

-charcteristics which lead to sucess in this contest are greater stength, intelligence, or attractiveness to allies

intersexual selection

-members of one sex chose a mate based on their preferences for particular qualities in that mate

gene

Are packets of DNA inherited by offspring from their parents into district chunks

-genes of organisms passed down to future generations

differential gene reproduction

Reproductive success relative to others

inclusive fitness thoery

Characteristics which affect reproduction, need not affect personal production of offspring, affect survival or reproduction of genetic relatives

xenophobia

fear of strangers

adaptive problem

Anything that increases survival or reproduction or anything whose solution increases the odds of survival or reproduction

adaptions

Reliability developing structure in organism, which meshes with recurrent structure of world

byproducts of adaptions

human adaptions may produce an evolutionary byproducts, or incidentsl effects that are not properly considered adaptions

what is not a key criteria in recognizing the special design of an adaption

determinism

premises of Evolutionary psychology

1. domain specficity

2. numerousness

3. functionality

domain specficity

-solve a particular adaptive problem

-different adaptive problems require different solutions

numerousness

-numerous adaptive mechanisms

-psychological adaptions (human mind)

functionality

-our psychological mechanisms are designed to acomplish particular adaptive goals

Human nature

Robert Hogan

-humans are driven by the desire for status and aceptance by the group

need to belong

communion-need to belong

agency-getting ahead

-by gaining status you can get better protection, food and desireable mates

-work together in groups

social anxiety

distress or worry about being negatively

Universal emotions

-facial expressions interpreted in same ways across culture

1. happiness

2. anger

3. fear

4. suprise

5. sadness

6. contempt

7. disgust

other traits of human nature

-empathy

-aggression

effective polygyny

-variances in reproduction between sexes, most femlaes will have some offspring whereas males will have many offsrping and some none at all

sexually dimorphic

-species that show high variance in reproduction within one sex tend to be high;u different in size and structure

enviroemental triggers of individual differences

childhood advertisity

-father absences triggers specfic sexual strategies in individuals

contingencies among traits

reactively hertiable-traits that are secondary consquences of hertiable traits

-occur among variety of trait

depression

sad mood, inability to dereive pleasure from daily activities and changes in sleeping and eating patterns

frequency dependent selection

to proces whereby the reproductive sucess (fitness) of a trait depends on its frequency relative to other traits in population

restricted sexual straegy- delayed intercourse and prolonged courtship

psychopathy- a cluster of personality traits of irresponsible and unreliable beheavior, egocentrism, impulsivity, an inability to form long last relationships , superfical charm, and deficit in social emotions of love, shame, guilty and empathy

optimal variance over time and space

-different levels of trait or different enviroments

balancing selection-which occurs genetic variation is maintained by selection because different levels on a trait are adaptive in different enviroments

attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder

-restlessness, impulsive and diffculty focusing on certain tasks

-diffculty in school

the big five, motivation and evolutionary relevant adaptive problems

agreebleness which diffeences in the procilivity to cooperate vs acting selish in conflicts over resources

emotional stablity-differences in senstivity to adaptive problem of social exclusion

high neuroticm- increase of social danger and increase of stress and depression

extraversion-risk taking

conscientiousness-delayed gratification