ap world review terms (unit 6)

motives for imperialism

motives for imperialism

1. The Industrial Revolution: raw materials, markets, and investment (mines, railroads, etc) and bases for coal and supplies

2. Nationalism: more territory = more prestige and power

3. Religion: many Europeans believed they needed to spread Christianity around the world (just an excuse?)

4. “Racial Superiority”: Europe was obligated to give colonies the gift of culture (“White Man’s Burden,” Social Darwinism, “la mission civilsatrice”)

how did the industrial revolution lead to imperialism?

a. The Industrial Revolution led to an increase in production, making overseas markets for factory goods more important than ever.

b. The Industrial Revolution led to a need for more raw materials, making it more important than ever to find new sources of these materials.

c. The Industrial Revolution led to increased wealth, creating opportunities to invest in modernization efforts in other parts of the world.

d. All of the above are correct.

b. The Industrial Revolution led to a need for more raw materials, making it more important than ever to find new sources of these materials.

why was race a factor in imperialism?

a. Europeans hated the non-white people of the world, so they wanted to destroy them all.

b. Europeans believed themselves to be superior to the non-white people of the world, so they believed they could improve their lives.

c. Europeans believed themselves to be superior to the non-white people of the world, so the non-whites were not entitled to keep their natural resources.

d. All of the above are correct.

b. Europeans believed themselves to be superior to the non-white people of the world, so they believed they could improve their lives.

true or false. asia was colonized by the europeans before africa.

false

keys to success

1. inventions like railroads and steamships allowed European armies to travel faster

2. European weapons (like maxim machine guns) were superior to the primitive weapons found in Asia and Africa.

3. Medical advances (i.e. quinine as cure for malaria)

4. Collapse of Ottoman, Indian, and Chinese empires coincide with rise of imperialism

true or false. Imperialism began at a time when the West was on the rise and the rest of the world was in decline.

true

true or false. The European nations fought against each other to win control of Africa.

false

Berlin Conference

1. Major European powers (Britain, France, German, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands) agree to divide up Africa

2. Principle of physical position (troops, colonial office)

3. within 20 years, nearly all of Africa was colonized

the costs of the scramble for africa

1. Colonial boundaries ignore ethnic rivalries

2. Boundaries lead to problems for modern Africa

3. Conflicts among imperialists leads to WW1

4. Imperialism was a betrayal of Enlightenment

what is the story of a good investment gone bad?

the story of the suez canal

1. French-Egyptian partnership (1854-1869)

2. France wanted to control access to “the East”

3. Egypt borrows the money from the French to build the Canal, then cannot pay

4. The British step in and agree to finance the project

5. British send troops to Egypt to provide the Egyptian ruler with economic “advice”

true or false. the same man who developed the Suez Canal also developed the Panama Canal.

true

british “protectorate” (egypt)

1. creation of a plantation cash crop: cotton

2. peasants driven off land

3. british control egypt with just 5k troops

protectorate

a state or country that is protected and partly controlled by a larger, stronger one

direct rule (french system)

1. french officials were used to run the colonies

2. peaceful and efficient?

how did the construction of the suez canal affect the goods transported from England to India?

a. prices increased

b. prices decreased

c. prices remained the same

d. none of the above

b. prices decreased

true or false. The construction of the Suez Canal was started by a French company.

true

true or false. The construction of the Suez Canal was started by a French company.

true

what did the Suez Canal connect?

The Mediterranean Sea to the Indian Ocean via the Red Sea

true or false. Egypt became more important to the British b/c of the American Civil War.

true

what did the British advise the Egyptians to do?

a. stop constructing the Suez Canal

b. start growing as much cotton as possible

c. stop growing cotton

d. start construction on the Suez Canal

b. start growing as much cotton as possible

true or false. The British preferred indirect rule

b. start growing as much cotton as possible

true or false. The British preferred indirect rule because it provided them with better educational opportunities.

true

what did direct and indirect rule have in common?

the reality was that both led to rebellion

Before the 1860s, the quickest way to get to Asia from Europe was to go…

a. through the Mediterranean Sea

b. through the Panama Canal

c. around the southern tip of Africa

d. across the Arctic Circle

c. around the southern tip of Africa

who established a colony in Africa first?

The Dutch

what was the dutch colony established in 1652 in Africa called?

Cape Colony

cape colony

• established in 1652

• began as a base on route to Southeast Asia

descendants of dutch settlers

boers

Cecil Rhodes

• a british businessman, mining magnate (has made a lot of money from mining), and a politician in South Africa

• focused on rapidly expanding British interests during the scramble for Africa which promoted British imperialism

• helped increase British Empire by taking over new land in Africa

british involvement in south africa

1. 1815 - take Cape Colony

2. 1836-38 - “Great Trek”

3. 1899-1902 - British win Boer War

Great Trek

• Boer migration north

• partly b/c british abolished slavery in empire

which best explains why the British and the Dutch fought over South Africa?

a. The two countries really hated each other.

b. The Dutch had taken land that was granted to the British at the Berlin Conference.

c. There were very valuable resources in South Africa.

d. All of the above are correct.

c. There were very valuable resources in South Africa.

what valuable resources were found in South Africa?

gold and diamonds

Imperialism in South Africa

1. British capital pours in

2. Unites entire South African colony (Union of South Africa)

3. Huge need for African labor for mines

4. Native Lands Act (1913)

5. Urban Areas Act (1923)

Native Lands Act (1913)

restricts black ownership of land to 7% of all land in South Africa

Urban Areas Act (1923)

blacks prohibited from officially settling in cities - men must carry a “pass” issued by an employee (example of apartheid)

Settler Colonialism

where the colonizing power seeks to replace the existing population

examples of settler colonialism

Australia and South Africa

exploitation colonialism

where the colonizing power seeks to extract resources or force native population to work

examples of exploitative colonialism

india and most of africa

true or false. Because the Congo was the personal possession of Leopold II, he wanted to drain it of all of its wealth while he was still alive.

true

what was Leopold II’s nationality?

Belgian

Leopold II

1. claimed Congo Free State as his personal colony

• called it a “civilizing mission”

• wanted copper, ivory, and rubber

which invention intensified the world’s interest in the Congo?

a. the bicycle

b. the steam engine

c. the camera

d. the wheel

a. the bicycle

Congo Free State

1. Congo Free State became a nightmare

• forced labor, beatings, and mutilations

• resources exploited

• population declined by at least 70%

why did the Belgians cut off the hands of the Congolese?

the hands were used as evidence to make sure that the soldiers weren’t wasting bullets on hunting or other reasons other than to punish the Congolese (like for not meeting their quotas for extracting rubber)

which invention saved the people of the Congo?

a. the bicycle

b. the steam engine

c. the camera

d. the wheel

c. the camera

why did the Belgians cut off the hands of the Congolese?

the hands were used as evidence to make sure that the soldiers weren’t wasting bullets on hunting or other reasons other than to punish the Congolese (like for not meeting their quotas for extracting rubber)

Belgian Congo

1. 1908 - Belgian Congo became the official colony of Belgium (not Leopold’s)

• ended the worst abuses

• exploitation of resources continued

Taiping Rebellion (1850-1864)

1. “Christian” movement led by Hong Xiuquan

2. Proposed changes:

• land reform (divided land evenly among peasants)

• sexual equality

• end to Qing Dynasty

3. Rebels took control of large parts of China (almost toppled Qing)

4. Wealthy Chinese opposed land reform

• by 1864, rebellion had ended

• 20-30 million deaths

Self Strengthening Movement (1860s - 1870s)

• adopted Western technology

• maintain Confucian traditions, institutions

• “East for essence, West for practical use”

Hundred Days of Reform (1898)

1. Supported by young emperor Guang Xu

2. Proposed changes:

• Modernization of school, army, civil service

• Westernization of economies (ex: factories)

3. Conservatives overthrows emperor (imprisoned for life)

Boxer Rebellion (1900)

1. “Righteous Harmonious Fists”

2. Anti-foreign, anti-Christian movement

• attacked missionaries

• killed thousands of Chinese Christians

3. Ended by foreign forces (20,000 from Europe and US)

4. Led to increased Westernization (educational and economic reforms)

what chinese rebellion had the opposite result from the goal?

boxer rebellion

nationalist revolution (1911)

• Led by Sun Yatsen

• Promoted “Three Principles of People” (nationalism, democracy, livelihood)

• Qing Dynasty overthrown

• Sun Yatsen becomes first president of Chinese Republic

list the Chinese rebellions in chronological order (earliest to latest)

1. Taiping Rebellion (1850-1864)

2. Self-Strengthening Movement (1860s-1870s)

3. Hundred Days of Reform (1898)

4. Boxer Rebellion (1900)

5. Nationalist Revolution (1911)

true or false. The British needed control over India before they could get control over China.

true

true or false. Britain was able to eliminate France as an economic rival through war. if true, what war?

true, Seven Years War

British East India Company involvement in India

1. negotiates with local leaders for ports

2. when indian rulers resist, EIC creates an armed force of Indians

3. EIC gains control of trade

true or false. India had a thriving cotton textile industry before the British arrived.

true

British Policies in India

1. Growing importance of the opium trade

2. Gradual destruction of the Indian economy

Gradual destruction of Indian economy

1. 1700s - prohibited the export of manufactured goods to england —> no opium in england

2. 1800s - indians could only buy british goods (mercantilism)

3. transferred land to big landlords for cash crops (opium)

4. transformed india from a semi-industrial economy to an agricultural one

mercantilism

often associated with the mother country limiting spending on imports and maximizing exports using their colonies

ex: forcing indians to only buy british goods —> maximizes exports

sepoy mutiny

1. first violent response to imperialism

2. many angry groups in india (from peasants to princes)

3. at least 100k indians killed

4. no national unity

5. british used division to defeat the rebels

first violent response to imperialism

sepoy mutiny

how did the british defeat the rebels in the sepoy mutiny?

the british used division among the rebels to make them fight each other

ex: Sikhs vs Hindus and Muslims

sikhism

religion that combines elements of hinduism and islam

true or false. The Indians won the Sepoy Mutiny.

false

empress of india

Queen Victoria

india joins british empire

• british bring economic and political unity to india

• elites are educated to assist the english gov

• played religions against each other to prevent rebellion (hindus vs muslims)

• played the castes against each other

• unjust policies led to indian nationalism

true or false. Before Matthew Perry’s visit, it was Japanese policy to execute any foreign sailor who was shipwrecked in Japan.

true

US visit to Japan

1. Commodore Matthew Perry visit Japan

2. US wanted Tokugawa Shogunate to end 200 years of isolation

arguments for opening japan

1. US had modern technology

2. US might use force if Japan did not agree to trade

3. Japan needed to change

arguments for isolation in japan

1. Americans were “barbarians” (uncivilized ppl)

2. Japan was better off isolated and protected

3. Japan did not want to deal with a nation that used threats

Treaty of Kanagawa

US and Japan treaty for trade

• opened 2 japanese ports to american ships

• opened diplomatic relations

true or false. By 1854, Japan was heading in the same direction as China.

true

results of the Treaty of Kanagawa

1. other western nations made unequal treaties with japan to expand trade

2. japan sent representatives to the US

3. imported western technology and ideas

roots of American Imperialism

1. importance of sea power

2. Mechanization = need for new markets

3. To keep islands out of European (or Japanese) hands

4. Social Darwinism

how did social darwinism contribute to imperialism?

powerful nations thought that they were superior to indigenous populations they conquered —> nations wanted to “spread civilization”

importance of sea power in imperialism

• America needs large navy

• American commerce needs protection

• America needs naval bases for refueling

which island nation became the center of America’s conflict with Spain?

Cuba

causes of the Spanish American War

1. Spanish treatment to Cubans

2. Sinking of the USS Maine

Spain and Cuba

• 1895 - Cuba begins its second war of independence

• 1896 - Spain attempts to restore order by sending Cubans to concentration camps

• thousands die of hunger and disease

note : Americans sympathized with Cubans

the US declared war on spain after the attack on the ___

U.S.S. Maine

The Maine

• 1898 - explosion sinks ship, killing 260

• cause is unknown, journalists blame spain

• 1898 - congress declared war

true or false. The United States on control of Cuba after the Spanish-American War.

false

treaty of paris of 1898

1. Cuba becomes independent

2. US gets guam and puerto rico

3. US pays Spain $20 million for the Philippines

Cuban Independence

1. 1900 - Cuba drafts constitution

2. 1901 - Platt Amendment

Platt Amendment

US demands:

• no treaties with foreign nations (that might weaken Cuban independence

• no territory given to foreign nations

• US may intervene at any time

• Guantanamo Bay to US - leased in perpetuity (forever)

Puerto Rico

1. becomes US territory after Treaty of Paris 1898

2. 1900 - Foraker Act

3. 1917 - Jones Act

Foraker Act

• sets up formal colonial gov

• denies citizenship

• US appoints most of puerto rican gov

Jones Act

• Congress grants citizenship

• Formally declared a territory

what american acquisition was widely believed to be a mistake at the time it was purchased?

alaska

alaska

• purchased from Russia in 1867

• alaskan gold rush in 1896

what agricultural product attracted Americans to Hawaii?

sugar

story of hawaii

1. by 1880s, sugar is majority of Hawaii’s wealth

2. planters want to avoid “sugar duty” (tax)

3. hmmm if hawaii was a part of america, then sugar would not be taxed as imports so it’s cheaper!

4. in 1887, hawaiian king was forced to sign new constitution + allow a naval base

5. 1891 - “Queen Lil” makes new constitution

6. 1893 - “Revolution” (coup d’etat)

• planters get rid of queen lil

• dole becomes pres of republic of hawaii

• 1898 - US annexes hawaii

coup d’etat

a sudden, violent, and unlawful seizure of power from a gov

Philippine-American War

• Filipino Emilio Aguinaldo declares independence and leads resistance to US rule

• 200k American troops sent to end uprising

• philippines granted independence (1946) —> long after the war ended as Americans won

American Anti-Imperialist League

• imperialism was immoral

• famous members: mark twain, william j. bryan, andrew carnegie

the british were able to take control of trade with china b/c they also controlled ___

india