py-368 exam 2

The four moderators of accuracy

The Judge, The target, The trait being judged, The information on which the judgment is based.

Person-situation debate

A discussion regarding whether personality traits or situational factors are more influential in determining behavior.

Single trait approach

Examines behaviors associated with a particular trait.

Many trait approach

Looks for traits associated with a particular behavior.

Essential trait approach

Identifies which traits are most important.

Typological approach

Focuses on patterns of traits that characterize a person.

The Big Five

Also known as OCEAN: Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism.

Myers’ Briggs Assessment

A personality assessment based on choices between two opposing tendencies: Extroversion vs. Introversion, Sensing vs. Intuition, Thinking vs. Feeling, Judgment vs. Perception.

California Q set

A method involving 100 personality descriptions sorted into categories to identify important and least important traits.

Lexical Hypothesis

The idea that important aspects of personality are reflected in the language used to describe them, resulting in many words across languages.

The Marshmallow test

An experiment demonstrating patience by offering a choice between one marshmallow now or two marshmallows later.

How genes affect behavior

Through influencing the development and function of the brain, which impacts thinking, feeling, and acting.

Evolutionary psychology

The study of human thought, motivation, and behavior within a broad natural context.

Sociometer Theory

The concept that self-esteem evolved to monitor acceptance by others and motivate behaviors that enhance social valuation.

Fast vs slow life history strategies

Fast strategies involve early reproduction with little investment per offspring; slow strategies involve late reproduction and high investment.

Behavioral observation

Research based on direct observation rather than self-reports, revealing shared environmental influences on traits.

Genome Wide Association Studies

Studies that look for genetic associations with personality traits in large samples.

Changing Personality

The concept that personality can change over the course of life, especially during certain life stages.

Personality Stability

The consistency of a person's personality traits over time.

Plasticity in personality

The ability of personality traits to change and adapt over time.

Social clock

A societal expectation that places pressure on individuals to achieve certain milestones by specific ages.

Narrative

The personal story an individual builds about their life.

Redemption

A narrative theme where a negative experience serves as a turning point leading to positive growth.

Causes of personality

Factors such as physical development, intelligence increases, and changing social roles that can influence personality over time.

Person environment transactions

Interactions where individuals seek, respond to, or change environments to align with their personality traits.

Cohort effects

Differences among age groups resulting from the distinct environments in which they grew up.

Systematic desensitization

A behavioral therapy method to help individuals overcome phobias and anxiety-related disorders.

Accelerators of neurological decline

Factors such as sedentary behavior, poor sleep, and unhealthy diet that can contribute to cognitive decline.

Hippocampus

The part of the brain that grows in response to exercise.

How to strengthen memory

Engage in new, emotional, and mindful activities that challenge the brain.

Sleep hygiene

Practices that promote quality sleep, including limiting screen time and establishing a consistent sleep routine.

Frontal lobes and neocortex role

Involved in social understanding, self-control, emotions, decision making, and reactions to stimuli.

Research methods to study the brain

Methods like CT scans, PET scans, and fMRI that allow observation of brain activity.