Alcohol, Sweeteners, Special Topics

How is alcohol metabolized?

Absorbed in stomach/intestines → liver (alcohol dehydrogenase → acetaldehyde).

Nutrient deficiencies from alcohol?

B vitamins, magnesium, zinc.

How does alcohol impact nutrient absorption?

Reduces absorption and increases excretion of B vitamins and magnesium.

What gene mutation causes alcohol flushing in some Asians?

ALDH2 deficiency → accumulation of acetaldehyde → flushing, nausea.

How does alcohol affect athletic performance?

Decreases protein synthesis, hydration, coordination; impairs hormones, delays recovery, and suppresses immunity

What are gender differences in alcohol metabolism?

Women have less alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and more fat → slower metabolism.

What are diseases associated with alcohol use?

Liver disease, cancer, heart disease, vitamin deficiency.

What is one standard drink equivalent?

12 oz beer, 5 oz wine, 1.5 oz liquor.

What is the caloric content of alcohol?

7 kcal/gram.

Safe alcohol limits (Gender specific)?

Women: 1-2 drinks/day; Men: 2-3 drinks/day.

What are some limitations of BMI as a method for assessing body composition?

It doesn't distinguish between fat and muscle; may misclassify athletes as overweight.

What disorders are related to abnormal body composition?

Anorexia nervosa (low fat mass), type 2 diabetes (high fat mass), sarcopenia.

What is the UL for iron?

45 mg/day for adults.

What can excessive iron intake cause?

GI distress, liver damage, oxidative stress.

What is the best source of heme iron?

Red meat (e.g., beef, lamb).

What enhances non-heme iron absorption?

Vitamin C-rich foods (e.g., citrus).

What reduces iron absorption?

Tea/coffee (tannins), calcium, high fiber.

What mineral competes with calcium for absorption?

Iron, magnesium, and zinc (divalent cations).

What is the UL for zinc?

40 mg/day.

What are symptoms of zinc deficiency?

Poor wound healing, immune dysfunction, hair loss.

What's a concern with long-term high-dose zinc supplementation?

Suppresses iron absorption and weakens immunity.