Willaim I and Scotland

What was disputed between England and Scotland?

The border

What defined the border since 1018?

Cumbria on the Scottish side and Northumbria on the English side

What was the extent of the Scottish King's power over Scotland?

He had loose political control , largely had control over the South but not the highlands

Who ran the highlands?

Lawless, Scottish clans

What was King Malcom III's nickname?

Canmore which translates as bighead

Who had King Malcom previously defeated?

Macbeth

When did King Malcom's reign begin and end?

1057 to 1093

What was King Malcom ambitious about?

Extending Scottish territory South

When did King Malcom invade Northumbria during Edward the Confessor's reign?

1058 and 1061

Which two powerful Anglo-Saxons did King Malcolm support?

Tostig and Edgar the Aetheling

What was the impact of Malcom's death in Scotland?

Period of instability which left the Scottish focused on internal feuding

Why did Scotland pose a greater threat to England's stability than Wales?

The were rival claims of lordship over the North

What did King Malcom provide in 1066?

Support to the exiled Tostig in order to weaken England's hold over Northumbria

What chance did the Northern rebellion in 1068 provide Malcom with?

The chance to send aid yet the rebellion's failure discouraged him from doing so

What did Willian secure from Malcom in 1068?

An oath of loyalty and a promise not to assist the rebels

What happened to the North in 1069 and what was William's response?

The North was engulfed in a deadly Danish-backed uprising and Malcom chose not to interfere with his own army

Why did Malcom launch a raid into Northumbria in the summer of 1069?

Acted as a show of force with aims to destabilise the region

Where did Malcom sack in the 1069 Northumbrian raid?

Durham and Cleveland

Who did King Malcom marry in late 1069?

Margaret, Edgar the Aetheling's sister, which made clear that he was on the rebel's side

What was William ready for by summer 1072?

To deal with the Scottish threat

How was William's army in 1072 structured?

William personally led the army which was chiefly made up of horsemen

Where did William's army ravage through in 1072?

The River Forth

What did William do with his fleet in 1072?

He blockaded the coast

Why was the invasion in 1072 full of risk for William?

It was late in the campaigning season, he was in unknown terrain and 400km away from his nearest base in York

What was the outcome of 1072?

Malcom refused to battle and the two kings concluded a treaty at Abernethy

Why was 1072 a success for William?

The Scottish king made homage to him and so officially recognised his new regime in England

What was Malcolm's homage to William more like rather than an acceptance of Willian's overlordship over England?

A personal pledge of allegiance

How had William neutralised a rebel safe haven in 1072?

He secured the expulsion of Edgar the Aetheling and other exiles

What does Malcom do in 1079?

He launched a further raid into Northumbria

As a result of Malcom's Northumbrian raid in 1079, what happens in 1080?

There was a further English invasion led by William's son, Robert Curthose

What was the result of the English invasion in 1080?

Malcom avoided battle and offered a form a submission

What did Robert Curthose establish on his return in 1080?

A castle named Newcastle

What did the strategical position of Newcastle allow?

It was sited high on the Northern border to allow further incursions into Scotland

How was Malcom's policy of maintaining buffer between him and England fulfilled in 1080?

Northumbria remained uncontrollable and lawless

What did Malcom's raid into Northumbria in 1090 result in?

A reprisal march from William Rufus in 1091

What was the outcome of the reprisal march in 1091?

Malcom refused to give battle and submitted

what happened in 1091?

Malcom submitted and signed a peace treaty

What happened in 1092?

William Rufus went on the offensive and marched into Cumbria, seizing Carlisle and fortifying it

What were bought from the South in 1092 due to William Rufus's intention of fully incorporating Cumbria into England?

Peasant settlers and it was placed under Durham's ecclesiastical jurisdiction

What happened as a result of William Rufus refusing to meet with Malcom when he travelled South to Gloucester to discuss Cumbria in 1093?

Malcom staged a raid into Northumbria and he was ambushed and killed

What did Scotland encourage the use of as it was a long-term kingdom ruled over by a king?

The use of more routine tools of statecraft, including diplomacy and military incursions to punish rather than conquer