Biology- 2.3 Carbon Compounds

What are the 9 levels or organization of living things, from smallest to largest

Atoms, molecules, macromolecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ system, organisms

What are the main elements that carbon bonds with to make up the molecules of living things

CHNOPS; Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Sulfur

What are macromolecules

Large, complex molecules made up of smaller building blocks (monomers) linked together

What are monomers 

Small, simple molecules that can join together to form larger molecules called polymers

What are polymers

Combined monomers; create polymerization

What is polymerization

The chemical process by which monomers (small molecules) are joined together to form a polymer

What is the difference between Polymers and Macromolecules 

Polymers are made of repeating monomers, while macromolecules is a broader term that includes any large molecule, whether made of repeating units or not

What atoms make Carbohydrates

C1+H2+O1

What are the 2 main uses of carbohydrates for living things

The provided energy for living things and are structure for plants and animals

What are monosaccharides 

The simplest form of carbohydrates—AKA simple sugars

What is a disaccharide

A carbohydrate made up of two monosaccharides (simple sugars) joined together by a covalent bond

What are polysaccharides

Complex carbohydrates made up of many monosaccharide units (simple sugars)

What are monomer called that makeup starch

Polysaccharide

What is starch used for in the plant kingdom

Storing excess sugar 

What organisms make cellulose

Plants

What do body's use glycogen for

Movement, it is stored in muscles and supplies energy for muscle contraction

Describe chitin 

A complex polysaccharide that serves primarily as a structural material in many organisms

What are lipids

Biological molecules that are mostly nonpolar, they play important roles in energy storage, cell structure, and signaling

What atoms make up lipids

Carbon and Hydrogen

What 2 structures form many lipids 

Glycerol and a fatty acid

What are 3 characteristics of saturated fats

Single bonds between carbons, solid at room temperature, and have high melting points

What are 3 characteristics of unsaturated fats

1 or more double bonds, liquid at room temperature, healthier

Where are phospholipids found

They make up cell membranes 

What are examples of steroids

Cholesterol and hormones

What are examples of waxes

Cuticle, earwax, beeswax

What is the function of nucleic acids in living things

Storing genetic information; made up of nucleotides

What are the parts of a nucleotide 

Nitrogenous base, 5 carbon sugars, and a  phosphate groups 

What atoms make up nucleic acids/nucleotides

CHNOP

What are the 2 types of nucleic acids

RNA & DNA

What are 5 roles of protiens

Regulate cell processes, form cell structures, transplant substances into/out of a cell, control rate of reactions, and help fight disease 

What atoms make up proteins

C, H, N, O

What is the general structure of proteins

Covalent bonds called peptide bonds link amino acids together to form a polypeptide chain; a protein is made of 1+ polypeptide chain

What are amino acids 

Small organic molecules that link together to form proteins through peptide bonds