Fluid Electrolyte SP pt 1
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74 Terms
Anions
Negatively charged ions (example: chloride)
Cations
Positively charged ions (example: sodium)
BUN
Blood test that shows kidney function
Concentration gradient
Difference in concentration between two areas
Creatinine
Waste product used to measure kidney function
Diffusion
Movement from high concentration to low concentration
Homeostasis
Body’s ability to keep balance
Hydrostatic pressure
Pressure that pushes fluid out of blood vessels
Hypertonic
Pulls water out of cells
Hypotonic
Pushes water into cells
Isotonic
No net movement of water
Natriuretic peptide hormones
Hormones that cause sodium and water loss
Oliguria
Low urine output
Osmolality/osmolarity
Measure of solute concentration
Osmosis
Movement of water across a membrane
Osmotic diuresis
Increased urination due to solutes like glucose
Osmotic pressure
Force that pulls water toward solutes
Solute
Substance dissolved in fluid
Specific gravity
Measure of urine concentration
Third spacing
Fluid trapped outside blood vessels
Tonicity
Effect of a solution on cell size
Normal daily fluid intake
About 2,500 mL per day
Normal daily fluid output
About 2,500 mL per day
Fluid intake from drinking
About 1,600 mL per day
Fluid intake from food
About 500 mL per day
Fluid intake from metabolism
About 400 mL per day
Fluid output from urine
About 1,600 mL per day
Fluid output from skin
About 500 mL per day
Fluid output from breathing
About 400 mL per day
Fluid output from feces
About 100 mL per day
Fluid balance
Intake equals output
Why do children need more fluids?
Higher fluid needs per body weight than adults
What is the fluid requirement for 0–10 kg child?
100 mL per kg per day
What is the fluid requirement for 11–20 kg child?
1,000 mL + 50 mL per kg over 10 kg
Fluid requirement for child over 20 kg
1,500 mL + 20 mL per kg over 20 kg
Purpose of maintenance fluids
Maintain hydration and normal body function
What body systems regulate fluid and electrolyte balance?
Renal, endocrine, and respiratory systems
Which organs are the primary regulators of fluid and electrolytes?
The kidneys
How do the kidneys help regulate fluid balance?
By adjusting urine volume and concentration
How do the kidneys help regulate electrolytes?
By controlling electrolyte excretion and reabsorption
Which hormone system increases blood pressure and blood volume?
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)
When is the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activated?
When blood pressure or blood volume is low
What is the main effect of aldosterone?
Causes sodium and water retention
What hormone decreases urine output?
ADH (antidiuretic hormone)
When is ADH released?
When blood volume is low or osmolality is high
What is the effect of ADH on the kidneys?
Causes water reabsorption
Which hormones cause sodium and water loss?
Natriuretic peptide hormone
When are natriuretic peptide hormones released?
When blood volume or blood pressure is high
What is the main effect of natriuretic peptides?
Increased urine output and decreased blood pressure
How do the lungs help regulate acid-base balance?
By controlling carbon dioxide levels
What happens when breathing increases?
CO₂ decreases
What are insensible fluid losses?
Fluid losses that cannot be measured
Where do insensible fluid losses occur?
Skin, lungs, and stool
Why are insensible losses important in fluid balance?
They contribute to daily fluid loss
What lab value is used to assess hydration and kidney function?
Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
What is the normal BUN range?
8–21 mg/dL
What lab value reflects kidney filtration?
Creatinine
What is the normal creatinine range?
0.5–1.2 mg/dL
What urine test measures urine concentration?
Specific gravity
What is the normal specific gravity range?
1.005–1.030
What test measures solute concentration in urine?
Urine osmolality
What is the normal urine osmolality range?
250–900 mOsm/kg
What test measures solute concentration in blood?
Serum osmolality
What is the normal serum osmolality range?
275–295 mOsm/kg
How does aging affect taste, smell, and thirst?
They decrease
Why are older adults at higher risk for dehydration?
Decreased thirst sensation
How do comorbidities affect fluid balance in older adults?
They increase fluid imbalance risk
How do diuretics affect fluid balance in older adults?
Increase fluid loss
What structural kidney change occurs with aging?
Decreased ability to conserve water
How does aging affect glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?
GFR decreases
How do hormonal changes with aging affect fluid balance?
Decreased ADH secretion
What is the effect of decreased ADH in older adults?
Increased urine output and dehydration risk
How does loss of subcutaneous tissue affect fluid balance?
Increased moisture loss through skin
Why are older adults more sensitive to fluid imbalances?
Kidney, hormone, and skin changes