Respiratory System 2

roughly how much air is needed to fill respiratory dead space

150ml

layers of trachea

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium, basement membrane, loose connective tissue, cartilage, dense connective tissue, smooth muscle

what is the gap between the basement membrane and capillary called

interstitial space

what happens with the destruction of respiratory membrane

stops gas exchange

how do you get rid of surface tension

soap

where does the base of lungs sit

on diaphragm

what is hilum

portal of entry

what is pleural cavity (interpleural space)

potential space between the pleura that surrounds each lung

what is costo-diaphramic recess

potential space around the lung in pleural cavity, were fluid can build up

what is pneumothorax

pleural cavity filled with air

what is pleural effusion

fluid in pleural cavity

what is hemothorax

blood in pleural cavity

what is empyma

bacterial infection causes too much pus formation in pleural cavity

what is tidal volume

amount of air goes in and out per breath (500ml)

what is rate of respiration

counting someone’s breathing for 1 min, should be roughly 12-16 breaths

what is hyperventilation

too high rate of respiration (20-30)

what is hypoventilation

too low rate of respiration (5-8)

muscles that help inspiration at rest

diaphragm and external intercoastal

muscles that help inspiration during exertion

diaphragm, external intercostals, pectoralis major, scalenes, sternocleidomastoid

muscles that help expiration during exertion

external oblique, internal oblique, transverse adbominis, rectus abdominis

what supports bronchial tree

rings of cartilage support the structure and prevent collapse

what enters the lungs through hilum

blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves enter the lungs

main function of bronchial tree

provide passageway for air to move in and out of each lung

what is an alveolar duct

tube composed of smooth muscle and connective tissue, which opens into a cluster of alveoli

what is an alveolar sac

cluster of many individual alveoli that are responsible for gas exchange

what cells make up the alveolar wall

type 1, type 2, and alveolar macrophages

type 1 alveolar cells

squamous epithelial cells, highly permeable to gas

type 2 alveolar cells

spread through type 1 cells and secrete pulmonary surfactant

what is surfactant

substance that reduces the surface tension of alveoli (soap)

macrophage

spread throughout alveolar wall, removes debris and pathogens

what is surface tension

force of water molecules on the surface on lung tissue trying to pull together

what would happen if there was nothing to counteract surface tension

lungs would collapse

what is visceral pleura

layer that is superficial to lungs, extends into and lines lung fissures

what is parietal pleura

outer layer that connects to thoracic wall, mediastinum, and diaphragm

pleural cavity

space between the visceral and parietal layers