Anatomy and Physiology Lab Practical 2

What is tidal volume (TV)?

The amount of air inhaled or exhaled during normal breathing

What is breathing period?

The time it takes to complete one full breath (inhale +exhale)

What is tidal flow rate?

the amount of air moved per minute

What is inspiratory reserve volume(IRV)?

The extra air that can be inhaled after a normal inhale

What is expiratory reserve volume(ERV)?

The extra air that can be exhaled after normal exhale

What is residual volume (RV)?

The air remaining in the lungs after maximum exhalation

Why is residual volume important?

It prevents lung collapse and allows continuous gas exchange

What is vital capacity (VC)?

The total amount of air that can be moved voluntarily in and out of the lungs

What is the formula for vital capacity?

VC=TV+TRV+ERV

What is total lung capacity (TLC)?

The total amount of air the lungs can hold

What is the formula for total lung capacity?

TLC=VC+RV

How do you calculate breathing rate from breathing period?

Breathing rate = 60/breathing period (in seconds)

What are the units used for tidal flow rat?

Liters per minute (L/min)

How do athletes’ lung volume compare to non-athletes?

Typically athletes have high TV,IRV,ERV, and VC

Why do athletes have higher lung capacities?

Stronger respiratory muscles and improved efficiency

How does regular exercise affect tidal volume?

Increases tidal volume

How does exercise affect IRV and ERV?

Both increase with training

How does exercise affect vital capacity?

It increases vital capacity

How does a sedentary lifestyle affect lung function>

Decreases lung efficiency and volumes

How does smoking affect lung capacity?

It decreases lung capacity and airflow

Can residual volume be measured with a basic spirometer?

No

What is the full formula for total lung capacity including all volumes?

TLC= TV +IRV+ ERV+ RV

What does a normal resting spirometry graph look like?

Regular waves with smaller amplitude and slower rate

What happens to breathing during exercise?

It increases

What happens to tidal volume during exercise?

It increases (deeper breaths)

What happens to graph amplitude during exercise?

It increases

What happens to the spacing between breaths during exercise?

It decreases (breaths more frequently)

What factors influence lung volumes?

Fitness level, age, gender, lifestyle and disease

Why doe the body increase breathing during exercise?

To meet increased oxygen demand and remove CO2

What happens to lung function with long-term training?

Efficiency and capacity improve

Gallbladder abdomen closed

Diaphragm abdomen closed

Lobes of liver abdomen closed

Spleen

Greater Omentum

Gallbladder abdomen open

Pyloric valve

Duodenum

Pancreas

Urinary Bladder

Urethra

Diaphragm abdomen open

Lobes of the liver abdomen open %

Stomach

Lesser Omentum

Mesentery

Jejunum

Ileocecal junction

Cecum

Ileum

Epiglottis of Larynx Cat

Thyroid Cartilage of Larynx Cat

Thyroid Gland Cat

Trachea Cat

Thymus Cat

Left Anterior Lobe Cat

Left Medial Lobe Cat

Left Posterior Lobe Cat

Diaphragm Cat

Heart Cat

Right Anterior Lobe Cat

Right Medial Lobe Cat

Right Mediastinal Lobe Cat

Right Posterior Lobe Cat

Larynx Human

Trachea Human

L. Primary Bronchus Human

Right Primary Bronchus Human

Diaphragm Human

Epiglottis Human

Thyroid Cartilage Human

Cricoid Cartilage Human

C-Shaped cartilage rings human

Trachialis Human

Glottis Human

True Vocal Cords Human

Superior Lobe Right Human

Superior Lobe Left Human

Middle Lobe Human

Inferior Lobe Right Human

Inferior Lobe Left Human

Primary Bronchus Human

Pulmonary Artery Human

Hilus Human

Pulmonary Veins Human