CLEP History II ⭐

Andrew Carneige

He was a dominant innovator who controlled the steel industry and was the founder of Carneige Steel Company. He invented the "bessemer converter". His mill also had smelting, refining, and rolling in into one unified operation. He donated $350 million to worthy causes an $30 million to his will and testimony. He was a host of wealthy people, not the poor; Made monopoly with Steel industry

Standard Oil Trust

small oil companies sold stock and authority to Rockefeller's Standard Oil Company (consolidation), cornered world petroleum market

John D. Rockefeller

Standard Oil Company, ruthless business tactics (survival of the fittest)

Vertical integration

beginnings of trusts (destruction of competition); vertical- controlling every aspect of production (control quality, eliminate middlemen - Rockefeller);

Horizontal integration

horizontal- consolidating with competitors to monopolize a market (highly detrimental)

Sherman Anti-Trust Act

it forbade combinations in restraint to trade and unexpectedly curbed labor unions deemed in restraint of trade

United States vs. EC Knight Company

decision under Sherman Anti-Trust Act shot down by Supreme Court - sugar refining was manufacturing rather than trade/commerce

National Labor Union

founded by William Sylvis (1866); supported 8-hour workday, convict labor, federal department of labor, banking reform, immigration restrictions to increase wages, women; excluded blacks

Knights of Labor

(GC) , one of the most important American labor organizations of the 19th century. Founded by seven Philadelphia tailors in 1869 and led by Uriah S. Stephens, its ideology may be described as producerist, demanding an end to child and convict labor, equal pay for women, a progressive income tax, and the cooperative employer-employee ownership of mines and factories. Leaderships under Powderly, successful with Southwest Railroad System, failed after Haymarket Riot

Terrence V. Powderly

Leader of Knights of Labor 1874 who Persuaded the pope to remove sanctions against Catholics who joined unions.

American Federation of Labor

craft unions that left the Knights (1886), led by Gompers, women left out of recruitment efforts

Samuel Gompers

Union leader and president of the American Federation of Labor (AFL) who focused on concrete economic gains, avoiding involvement with utopian ideas or politics.

Yellow Dog Contracts

fearing the rise of labor unions, corporations forced new employees to sign and promise not to be part of a union

Pinkertons

detectives hired by employers as private police force, often used to end strikes

Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)

10-year moratorium on Chinese immigration to reduce competition for jobs (Chinese willing to work for cheap salaries)

Haymarket Bombing

bomb thrown at protest rally, police shot protestors, caused great animosity in employers for workers' unions

Eugene V. Debs

led railroad workers in Pullman Strike, arrested; Supreme Court (decision in re Debs) legalized use of injunction (court order) against unions and strikes

Social Darwinism

natural selection applied to human competition, advocated by Herbert Spencer, William Graham Sumner

Henry George, Progress and Poverty

single tax on speculated land to ameliorate industrialization misery

Edward Bellamy, Looking Backwards

state-run economy to provide conflict-free society

Karl Marx, Das Kapital

working class exploited for profit, proletariat (workers) to revolt and inherit all society

Thomas Edison

American inventor best known for inventing the electric light bulb, acoustic recording on wax cylinders, and motion pictures

Louis Sullivan

led architectural movement to create building designs that reflected buildings' functions, especially in Chicago

Interstate Commerce Act

created Interstate Commerce Commission to require railroads to publish rates (less discrimination, short/long haul), first legislation to regulate corporations, ineffective ICC

Social Gospel movement

stressed role of church and religion to improve city life, led by preachers Walter Raushenbusch and Washington Gladen; influenced settlement house movement and Salvation Army

Young Men's and Young Women's Christian Association (YMCA & YWCA)

provided housing and recreation to city youth, imposing Protestant morals, unable to reach out to all youth

Jane Addams

helped lead settlement house movement, co-founded NAACP, condemned war and poverty

Hull House

Jane Addams's pioneer settlement house (center for women's activism and social reform) in Chicago

Salvation Army

established by "General" William Booth, uniformed volunteers provided food, shelter, and employment to families, attracted poor with lively preaching and marching bands in order to instill middle-class virtues

Declining death rate

sewer systems and purification of water

New immigrants vs. old immigrants

old immigrants from northern and western Europe came seeking better life; new immigrants came from southern and eastern Europe searching for opportunity to escape worse living conditions back home and often did not stay in the US

Cult of domesticity

Victorian standards confined women to the home to create an artistic environment as a statement of cultural aspirations

William Marcy Tweed

leader of Tammany Hall, gained large sums of money through the political machine, prosecuted by Samuel Tilden and sent to jail

Tammany Hall

New York democratic party/political machine; gained notoriety for corrupt practices; political machines came to power because of the rapid growth of cities-machines traded services to city-dwellers for votes at the polls

Theodore Dreiser, Sister Carrie, The Financier

attacked industrial elite, called for business regulation, publisher refused works breaking with Victorian ideals

Regionalist and naturalist writers

writing took a more realistic approach on the world, regionalist writers focused on local life (Sarah Orne Jewett), naturalist writers focused on economy and psychology (Stephen Crane)

Bland-Allison Act (1878)

government compromised to buy and coin $2-4 million/month; government stuck to minimum and inflation did not occur (lower prices); economy grew

Sherman Silver Purchase Act (1890)

government to buy silver to back money in addition to gold

James G. Blaine

Republican candidate for president in 1884, quintessence of spoils system; highly disgusted the mugwumps (many Republicans turned to Democrat Cleveland)

Pendleton Civil Service Act

effectively ended spoils system and established civil service exams for all government positions, under Pres. Garfield

Farmers' Alliance movement

Southern and Midwestern farmers expressing discontent, supported free silver and subtreasury plan (cash advance on future crop — farmers had little cash flow during the year), criticized national banks

Greenback Party

supported expanded money supply, health/safety regulations, benefits for workers and farmers, granger (farmer)-supported

Populist Party

emerged from Farmers' Alliance movement (when subtreasury plan was defeated in Congress), denounced Eastern Establishment that suppressed the working classes; Ignatius Donnelly (utopian author), Mary E Lease, Jerry Simpson. aka the Peoples party

Convict-lease system

blacks who went to prison taken out and used for labor in slave-like conditions, enforced southern racial hierarchy

Civil Rights Cases

Civil Rights Act of 1875 declared unconstitutional by Supreme Court, as the fourteenth amendment protected people from governmental infringement of rights and had no effect on acts of private citizens

Plessy v. Ferguson

Supreme Court legalized the "separate but equal" philosophy

Munn v. Illinois

private property subject to government regulation when property is devoted to public interest; against railroads

Jim Crow laws

educational and residential segregation; inferior facilities allotted to African-Americans, predominantly in South

Coxey's Army

Coxey and unemployed followers marched on Washington for support in unemployment relief by inflationary public works program

Panic of 1893

8,000 businesses collapsed (including railroads); due to stock market crash, overbuilding of railroads, heavy farmer loans, economic disruption by labor efforts, agricultural depression; decrease of gold reserves led to Cleveland's repeal of Sherman Silver Purchase Act

William Jennings Bryan

repeat candidate for president, proponent of silver-backing (16:1 platform), cross of gold speech against gold standard; Democratic candidate (1896)

Free Silver

Populists campaigned for silver-backed money rather than gold-backed, believed to be able to relieve working conditions and exploitation of labor. Supported by William J. Bryan

Triangle Shirtwaist fire

workers unable to escape (locked into factory), all died; further encouraged reform movements for working conditions

Gifford Pinchot

head of federal Division of Forestry, contributed to Roosevelt's natural conservation efforts

Frederick W. Taylor, Principles of Scientific Management

increase working output by standardizing procedures and rewarding those who worked fast; efficiency

Industrial Workers of the World

supported Socialists, militant unionists and socialists, advocated strikes and sabotaging politics, aimed for an umbrella union similar to Knights of Labor, ideas too radical for socialist cause. aka Wobblies

"Big Bill" Haywood

leader of the Western Federation of Miners (WFM), a founding member and leader of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), and a member of the Executive Committee of the Socialist Party of America.

Thorstein Veblen, The Theory of the Leisure Class

satirized wealthy captains of industry, workers and engineers as better leaders of society

Herbert Croly, The Promise of American Life

activist government to serve all citizens (cf. Alexander Hamilton); founded New Republic magazine

John Dewey

social ideals to be encouraged in public school (stress on social interaction), learning by doing

Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.

law meant to evolve as society evolves, opposed conservative majority

Booker T. Washington

proponent of gradual gain of equal rights for African-Americans

Atlanta Compromise speech

a speech given by Booker T. Washington in 1895 at the Cotton States and international Exposition that proposed that blacks and whites should agree to benefit from each other. Challenged by DuBois

WEB Dubois, Souls of Black Folk

opposed BTW's accommodation policies, called for immediate equality, formed Niagara Movement to support his ideas

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

Founded by W.E.B. Du Bois, it emerged out of the Niagara Movement in 1909. It worked for equal rights for all Americans, but it failed to achieve lasting civil rights legislation during the early 1990s.

Muckrackers

journalists who wrote about corruption in business and politics in order to bring about reform.

Upton Sinclair, The Jungle

revealed unsanitary nature of meat-packing industry, inspired Meat Inspection Act and Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)

Thomas Nast

political muckraking cartoonist, refused bribes to stop criticism

Robert La Follette

progressive governor (1900-1904) and senator (1906-1925); he established the "Wisconsin idea" that reformed the state through direct primaries, tax reform, and anticorruption legislation. La Follette was the Progressive Party's presidential nominee in 1924.

Mann Act

made it illegal to transport women across state borders for "immoral purposes," violated by black boxer Jack Johnson (w/ white woman)

Women's Christian Temperance Union

led by Francis Willard, powerful "interest group" following the civil war, urged women's suffrage, led to Prohibition

Charlotte Perkins Gilman

women must gain economic rights in order to impact society (cf. rising divorce rates)

Northern Securities Case

Northern Securities Company (JP Morgan and James G. Hill - railroads) seen by Roosevelt as "bad" trust, Supreme Court upheld his first trust-bust

Theodore Roosevelt

first "modern" president, moderate who supported progressivism (at times conservative), bypassed congressional opposition (cf. Jackson), significant role in world affairs. Big stick policy, square deal

Square Deal

Progressive concept by Roosevelt that would help capital, labor, and the public. It called for control of corporations, consumer protection, and conservation of natural resources. It denounced special treatment for the large capitalists and is the essential element to his trust-busting attitude. This deal embodied the belief that all corporations must serve the general public good.

Preservationism vs. Conservationism

Roosevelt and Pinchot sided on conservation rather than preservation (planned and regulated use of forest lands for public and commercial uses)

William H. Taft

"trustbuster" (busted twice as many as Roosevelt), conservation and irrigation efforts, Postal Savings Bank System, Payne-Aldrich Tariff (reduction of tariff, caused Republican split)

Bull Moose Party

party formed from Republican split by Roosevelt, more progressive values, leaving "Republican Old Guard" to control Republican party

New Nationalism

federal government to increase power over economy and society by means of progressive reforms, developed by Roosevelt (after presidency)

New Freedom

ideas of Wilson: small enterprise, states' rights, more active government, trust busting, left social issues up to the states

Woodrow Wilson

Democratic candidate 1912, stood for antitrust, monetary change, and tariff reduction; far less active than Roosevelt, Clayton Anti-trust Act (to enforce Sherman), Child Labor Act

Federal Reserve Act

created Federal Reserve System, regional banks set up for twelve separate districts, final authority of each bank lay with the Federal Reserve Board, paper money to be issued "Federal Reserve Notes"

Pan-Americanism

James G. Blaine sought to open up Latin American markets to the U.S.; rejected by Latin America due to fear of U.S. dominance and satisfaction with European market

Yellow journalism

One of the causes of the Spanish-American War (1898) - this was when newspaper publishers like Hearst and Pulitzer sensationalized news events (like the sinking of the Maine) to anger American public towards Spain. Journalism that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to create sensations and attract readers

Jingoism

belligerent nationalism against other threatening nations

Secretary of State John Hay

ex-Lincoln secretary; worked to gain Open Door Notes' acceptance from the major powers

Open Door Policy

sought to eliminate spheres of influence and avoid European monopolies in China; unaccepted by the powers in mind

Spanish American War (1898)

McKinley reluctant; armed intervention to free Cuba from Spain; Roosevelt's "Rough Riders" made attack on Spanish at Cuba

Explosion of USS Maine

meant to provide evacuation opportunity for Americans in Cuba; internal accidental explosion blamed on Spanish mines, leading to Spanish-American War

Platt Amendment

U.S. would ensure that Cuba would be protected from European powers and maintain a place in Cuban affairs; provided coal and naval stations

US acquisitions: Philippines, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Guam

granted to U.S. at the end of Spanish-American War; Philippines were captured after treaty, and thus not part of spoils, but kept as territory with an inevitable movement for independence; Philippines and Hawaii steps toward Asia

Naval battle in Manila Bay, Philippines

Admiral Dewey defeated Spanish initially; American troops (aided by Aguinaldo's insurgents) captured Manila, leading to annexation

TR mediates Russo-Japanese War

secretly sponsored peace negotiations so as to prevent Japanese or Russian monopoly on Asia; concerned with safety of Philippines

President Theodore Roosevelt

military and naval preparedness

Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine

U.S. felt it was its duty to "watch out" for the interests of other countries in the Western hemisphere; provided justification for invasions of Latin America.

Panama Canal

Crucial for American economic growth, the building of this canal was begun by American builders in 1904 and completed in 1914; the United States had to first engineer a Panamanian revolt against Colombia to guarentee a friendly government in Panama that wuld support the building of the canal. It was one of Roosevelt's most significant foreign policy accomplishments.

Gentlemen's Agreement (1908)

in response to Japanese discrimination in San Fran schools; Japanese to stop laborers into U.S., Californians forbidden to ban Japanese from public schools

Dollar Diplomacy

Foreign policy created under President Taft that had the U.S. exchanging financial support ($) for the right to "help" countries make decisions about trade and other commercial ventures. Basically it was exchanging money for political influence in Latin America and the Caribbean.

Moral Diplomacy

intervention in Mexican Revolution (Madero overthrew dictator Diaz) to overthrow Madero out of fear of property confiscation, General Huerta (seen as "brute" by Wilson, sought new leader) replaced Madero

Invasion of Mexico, Pancho Villa

Huerta's enemy, reluctantly supported by U.S.; U.S. sought Villa's submission due to terrorism, eventually assassinated; Wilson's policy highly unpopular