bio 111 exam 2

During fertilization, how are multiple sperm first prevented from fertilizing one egg?

The egg cell membrane depolarizes, blocking sperm from bonding

During which stage in development do the heart and stomach fully develop?

Organogenesis

From what tissue layer of a developing embryo does the muscle tissue arise?

mesoderm

Which type of cell differentiation is controlled by cell to cell contact and secreted molecules?

Conditional specification

What new property of living things during the proterozoic era lead to the development of organelles?

Ability to invaginate the plasma membrane

put these organisms in order of when they appear in evolutionary time: (1)Birds, (2)Insects, (3)Vertebrates, (4)Mammals

3,2,4,1

What organisms first appeared during the Proterozoic era?

Multicellular eukaryotes

which of these molecules is best able to preserve genetic information due to its stable structure?

DNA

Which of these statements about evolution is NOT true?

Traits acquired during an animal's lifetime pass to its offspring

What conclusion did Darwin come to from the observations that natural resources are limited, and populations tend to produce more offspring than the habitat can support?

competition

Which of these would be an example of adaptive natural selection in action?

S. aureus developing resistance to antibiotics

Which of these is an example of a founder effect affecting allele frequencies in a population?

Small population of finches flying to an empty island

In reality, 46% of the population of Uganda are heterozygous for sickle cell, a condition that causes them to be more resistant to malaria transmission without developing sickle cell anemia, what does that tell you about the status of this allele in the population?

Balancing selection is causing the heterozygote to remain common

A lizard species in Norway has some individuals who are homozygous dominant for dark brown skin that helps then blend in with their environment, those who are homozygous recessive are pale yellow and very easy for predators to spot. Those who are heterozygous are intermediate in color: dark enough to blend in, but better able to absorb UV radiation through their lighter skin to help produce vitamin D than the homozygous dominant individuals. What form of natural selection is this?

balancing selection

There is a convention for men with red hair, and an earthquake destroys the building with everyone inside. This is an example of which factor affecting allele frequencies?

genetic drift

What is a species according to the Ecological Species Concept?

A group of organisms that share the same environment and survive in the same way

A diploid seed is fertilized by a diploid pollen and forms a viable plant species with a different chromosome number than the parent species, what is this an example of?

Sympatric speciation

A river slowly creates a canyon that chipmunk populations can't cross, and eventually the two groups become different species, what is this an example of?

Allopatric speciation

What is a species according to the Molecular Species Concept?

A group of organisms with similar genetic code

In Diane Dodd's experiments on speciation in fruit flies, what is the factor that caused her fruit fly groups to no longer interbreed at normal rates once they were reunited?

They were separated and experienced different conditions for a few generations

Which of these is the correctly formatted scientific name for members of the human species?

Homo sapiens (genus Capitalized, species lowercase)

What concept for the construction of cladograms favors the fewest genetic changes along the way to explain how species are related?

parsimony

In the below cladogram, what would be an example of a shared primitive characteristic (symplesiomorphy)?

Reptiles and mammals both have amniotic eggs

Which type of cell differentiation is controlled by unequal distribution of maternal cytoplasmic factors as the embryo's cells are dividing?

Autonomous specification

If there is a defect during embryo development that affects how endoderm spreads through the gastrula, which tissue would be affected?

intestinal lining

During which stage of embryonic development does the neural tube form?

neurulation

Once large organic polymers formed on earth, what was the next step needed to proceed towards the formation of living things?

Formation of a boundary surrounding the cell

Which statement about human evolution is TRUE?

Several hominid species existed at the same time, but only Homo sapiens survived

Fewer male White-tailed deer who grow big antlers at maturity are being born in Louisiana, how can you explain this?

Hunters are shooting more males with big antlers before they can mate

Why are some strains of S. aureus now resistant to antibiotics?

Bacteria with a mutation that made them resistant survived

Some mountain herbs collected in the wild and used in Chinese traditional medicine are producing sprouts that are brown instead of green. How can you explain this?

They blend in better, and are therefore harder for humans to spot

You discover a new species of frog in which all males are bright orange with blue spots, and all females are mossy green. What may be causing this?

Females preferring to mate with colorful males

Which of these phenomena has the weakest effect on whether a population stays at Hardy Weinberg equilibrium?

mutation

If there is a coastal swamp with saltwater seeping into some areas and salt tolerance becomes more common in individuals of a grass species just in those areas, that would be an example of what kind of natural selection?

Diversifying selection

In the example of blackcap birds migrating shorter distances due to the availability of birdfeeders, the population is splitting into two groups, one that winters in Britain, and one that winters in Spain. The species flies back to Germany to breed, what form of reproductive isolation is keeping those groups from interbreeding when they return in the summer?

Temporal isolation

What is a species according to the Biological Species Concept?

a group of organisms that can potentially interbreed in nature and produce fertile offspring

Which of these would slow down speciation in a population?

hybrid zones

What model of speciation is characterized by periods of stasis followed by bursts of speciation?

Punctuated equilibrium model

One finch species evolving into many diverse new species in Hawaii would be an example of what process?

Adaptive radiation

Which is the domain of living things that are characterized by cellular organelles?

eukarya

Which of these traditional taxons is no longer considered a valid clade because it doesn't include a single ancestor and all its descendant species?

reptiles

Which of these lines of evidence are used by taxonomists to make phylogenetic trees?

All of these (DNA, fossils, morphological structures)

Which is the type of phylogenetic group that has a common ancestor but NOT all of its descendants?

Paraphyletic group

What can studying Hox genes tell taxonomists about how species evolved?

Some are shared (shared ancestor), but increasingly complex organisms have more Hox genes

What form of reproductive isolation results in lions and tigers breeding in zoos to make ligers, who are infertile?

Reduced hybrid fertility

How does radiometric dating help paleontologists estimate the age of a fossil

By comparing the ratio of carbon 12 to carbon 14 isotopes in a fossil

Which of these conditions would prevent a population from being at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (not evolving) for a particular trait?

gene flow

Which of these phenomena has the strongest effect on whether a large population stays at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

natural selection

In the atmosphere hypothesis for the origin of life, which of these was NOT important to the formation of the first living things

oxygen

Which of these is NOT an important factor that determined the likelihood of a fossil being found?

Skill of the excavator

Tapirs are pig-like forest dwelling relatives of rhinos, species of which can be found in South America and Southeast Asia. How can this be explained with evolution?

Tapirs first evolved when the land masses were connected, but have now been separated geographically and become distinct species

During which stage in development do segments form along the neural tube?

neurulation

Which of these organisms has incomplete cleavage of cells between the animal and vegetal poles during early development?

chickens

How does the theory of endosymbiosis explain the evolution of cellular organelles?

An ancient archaeon engulfed a bacterium that began living symbiotically with its host

During which developmental stage does the fertilized egg become a blastocyst

cleavage

During which stage of embryonic development do the three tissue layers spread through the embryo?

gastrulation

Which type of cell differentiation is controlled by cell to cell contact and secreted molecules?

Conditional specification

What did the Bartel and Szostak experiments on the chemical evolution of RNA show?

RNA strains with mutations that give them more enzymatic activity will become more common over time

What new property of living things during the proterozoic era lead to the development of organelles?

Development of a shell

Which statement about human evolution is TRUE?

Several hominid species existed at the same time, but only Homo sapiens survived

Which of these provides evidence to support the theory of evolution?

The geographic distribution of species, The fossil record, anatomical homologies (All of these )

What conclusion did Darwin come to from the evidence that populations varied, that variation was heritable, and that it could help some individuals out compete others?

Natural selection

How does evolution explain the shared molecular characteristics found within the amazing diversity of life?

All organisms share a common ancestor from whom they have diverged over time

What would be an example of a transitional form in evolutionary history?

Archaeopteryx (dinosaur with feathered wings)

Which of these conditions would a population need to be at Hardy Weinberg equilibrium (not evolving) for a particular trait?

random mating

If a population is at Hardy Weinberg equilibrium and 1% of the population has sickle cell anemia (q= 1), and 81% of the population does not carry the trait at all (p=.9), then what percent of the population are heterozygous?

18%

What is the movement of alleles between populations?

gene flow

What form of reproductive isolation keeps sperm from fertilizing an egg?

gametic isolation

Which of these statements about the above phylogenetic tree would be true?

Cockroaches and termites are closely related

From what tissue layer of the developing embryo does the epithelium lining the stomach originate?

endoderm

Which is a key feature of ALL hominin species?

bipedalism

What event in the earth's history coincided with the Cambrian explosion of animal diversity?

Increased levels of atmospheric oxygen

From what tissue layer of the developing embryo does the epithelium lining the stomach originate?

endoderm

Why is evolution still considered a theory?

All knowledge in science is tentative

The forelimbs of humans, whales, and bats are derived from a common ancestor, with the same set of bones, but have different structures, what is this an example of?

Anatomical homology

What is the likelihood that a particular genotype will contribute to the gene pool of future generations?

fitness