Exam 1(ch.1)

ANATOMY

Describes the structure of the human Body

Macroscopic (Gross)

examine large visible structures

Microscopic

examines cells and molecules

Cytology

study of cells

Histology

study of Tissues

PHYSIOLOGY

The Study of the functions of the human body

Cell Physiology

function of cells

Organ Physiology

Function of specific organs

Systemic Physiology

functions of organ systems

PATHOLOGY

studies the causes, mechanics, and, effects of diseases

Disease

condition that disrupts the normal functioning of the body

Pathological Physiology

effects of diseases on organs or systems

Signs

A visible or measurable indicator of a disease, like a rash or fever.

Symptoms

A feeling or experience of illness the patient reports, like pain or dizziness. (cannot be directly visible to others)

Diagnosis

identifying a condition or disease based on signs, symptoms, and medical test

LIVING

Anything that has life and can grow, change, and function

Living characteristics

Develop, Reproduce, React to Stimuli, metabolism

NON-LIVING

unable to grow, change, and move on its own.

LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION

Different levels of the body

Atoms

Are the smallest unit of matter

Molecules/Compounds/Chemicals

consist of a group of atoms

Macromolecules

larger molecules made up of monomers

Cells

are the smallest living units in the body

Tissues

group of cells working together

4 Types of Tissues

Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, Nervous

Organs

Two or more tissues working together

12 Systems

Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous, Endocrine, Cardiovascular, Lymphatic, Respiratory, Digestive, Urinary, Male Reproductive, Female Reproductive

Organism

A living thing that has the same function as an individual

Humans

Homo-sapiens a multicellular organism

HOMEOSTASIS

All body systems work together to maintain a stable internal environment

Homeostatic regulation

regulation of physiological systems to maintain homeostasis

Auto-regulation (intrinsic)

Every cell is responsible for itself to maintain homeostasis

Extrinsic Regulation

Brain or nervous system steps in to help the cell maintain homeostasis.

NERVOUS SYSTEM

Network of cells, tissues, and organs that control and coordinate all bodily functions

CNS

Central nervous system, made up of the brain and the spinal cord

Control Center (integration center)

Processes the signal and sends instructions

Interneurons

type of neuron found in the CNS, act like connectors between the afferent and efferent neurons

PNS

Peripheral nervous system, nerves that send messages between the spinal cord and the brain

Receptor

Receives the stimulus

Sensory Neurons/Nerves

Afferent, Carry information to the CNS from skin and other organs

Motor Neurons/Nerves

Efferent, Carry information away from the CNS to the muscle and glands

Effector

Carries out instructions

FEEDBACK

The body response to the internal environment by sending signals back in to the nervous system.

Negative Feedback Loop

The body is back into Homeostasis

Positive Feedback Loop

The body amplifies a change to achieve homeostasis.

STATE OF EQUILIBRIUM (Dynamic Equilibrium)

Continual Adaption