ap review

functionalism

PURPOSE of behavior

psychoanalytic approach

unconscious, childhood

humanistic approach

free will, choice, ideal, \n actualization

cognitive approach

Perceptions, thoughts

evolutionary approach

Genes

biological approach

Brain, NTs

sociocultural

society

Mary Calkins

First Fem. Pres. of APA

Margaret Floy Washburn

1st fem. PhD

Charles Darwin

Natural selection & \n evolution

Dorothea Dix

Reformed mental \n institutions in U.S.

Stanley Hall

1 st pres. of APA1 st journal

William James

\
Father of American \n Psychology – functionalist

Wilhelm Wundt

Father of Modern \n Psychology – structuralist

basic research

purpose is to increase \n knowledge

applied research

purpose is to help \n people

experiment

Advantage: researcher controls variables to \n establish cause and effect Disadvantage: \n difficult to generalize

experimental group

received the \n treatment; can have \n multiple exp, groups

control group

placebo, baseline; can only have 1

placebo effect

show behaviors \n associated with the exp. group when \n having received placebo

double blind

Exp. where neither the \n participant or the experimenter are \n aware of which condition people are \n assigned to

single blind

\
only participant blind – \n used if experimenter can’t be blind

operational definition

clear, precise, \n typically quantifiable definition of your \n variables – allows replication

confound

error/ flaw in study

random assignment

\
assigns \n participants to either control or \n experimental group at random –increase \n chance of equal representation among \n groups

random sampling

\
method for \n choosing participants for your study – \n everyone has a chance to take part, \n increases generalizability

representative sample

Sample mimics \n the general population

correlation

Advantage: identify relationship between two \n variables Disadvantage: No cause and effect

illusory correlation

belief of \n correlation that doesn’t exist

social desirability

ppl lie to look \n good

wording effect

how you frame \n the question can impact your \n answers

case study

Advantage: Studies ONE person (usually) in \n great detail – lots of info Disadvantage: No \n cause and effect

mean

average

median

middle number

mode

number that occurs most often

confidentiality

names kept a secret

informed consent

must agree to be \n part of study

debriefing

must be told the true \n purpose of the study (done after for \n deception)

neuron

Basic cell of the NS

dendrites

\
Receive incoming neurotransmitters

soma

Cell body (includes nucleus)

axon

action potential travels down this

myelin sheath

speeds up action potential, down \n axon, protects axon, MS destroys this

terminals

elease NTs – send signal \n onto next neuron

vesicles

sacs inside terminal contain \n NTs (rhymes w/testicles)

synapse

gap with neurons

action potential

movement of Na and K \n ions across membrane sends an electrical \n charge down the axon

refractory period

neuron must rest \n and reset before it can send another \n AP

afferent neurons

sensory neurons

efferent neurons

motor neurons

interneurons

cells in spinal cord \n responsible for reflex loop

somatic

Voluntary movement

sympathetic nervous system

Arouses the body for \n fight/flight

parasympathetic nervous system

established \n homeostasis after a sympathetic \n response

neurotransmitters

Chemicals released in synaptic gap, \n received by neurons

GABA

Major inhibitory NT

glutamate

Major excitatory NT; \n get excited when seeing your mates!

dopamine

Reward & movement; schizophrenia

serotonin

Moods and emotion; depression

acetylcholine

Memory

Epinephrine & Norepinephrine

sympathetic NS arousals

endorphins

pain control; end dolphins pain

oxytocin

love and bonding

agonist

drug that mimics a NT

antagonist

drug that blocks a NT

reuptake

Unused NTs are taken back up \n into the sending neuron. SSRIs (selective \n serotonin reuptake inhibitors) block \n reuptake – treatment for depression

cerebellum

movement/balance; brain

medulla

controls vital organs; brain

pons

bridge with regions – basic \n functions; brain

reticular formation

alertness; brain

amygdala

emotions, fear; brain

hippocampus

memory

hypothalamus

Reward/pleasure \n center, eating behaviors; sex, hunger, emotions; brain

thalamus

relay center for all but smell; brain

cerebral cortex

outer portion of the \n brain – higher order thought processes; brain

occipital lobe

vision; brain

frontal lobe

decision making, \n planning, judgment, movement, \n personality; brain

parietal lobe

sensations; brain

temporal lobe

hearing; brain

sensory cortex

map of our \n **touch** receptors –in parietal lobe

motor cortex

map of our motor \n receptors – located in frontal lobe

brocas area

**ability to produce** \n **speech** ( inability to produce speech: Broca – Broken speech)

wernicke’s area

ability to comprehend speech (inability to comprehend speech: wernicke’s what?)

Corpus Callosum

connects the hemispheres

endocrine system

sends \n hormones throughout the body

pituitary gland

Controlled by \n hypothalamus. release growth hormones

adrenal gland

related to sympathetic \n NS: releases adrenaline

EEG

brain activity – not specific

CT/MRI

shows structures (tumors)

PET

glucose shows brain activity

circadian rhythm

24 hour \n biological clock of Body temp & sleep; jet lag

insomnia

Inability to fall asleep

night terrors

extreme nightmares – \n NOT in REM sleep – typical in \n children

narcolepsy

fall asleep out of nowhere

sleep apnea

stop breathing suddenly \n while asleep

latent content

hidden meaning

manifest content

obvious storyline

depressants

Decrease sympathetic NS activation,

highly addictive; Alcohol, barbiturates, \n tranquilizers, opiates

stimulants

Increase sympathetic NS activation, highly addictive; Amphetamines, Cocaine, \n MDMA (ecstasy), Caffeine, Nicotine

hallucinogens

causes hallucinations, less addictive; LSD, marijuana