CEP 240 Ch 8: ADHD

Vocab and Knowledge Check

ADHD

Neurodevelopmental disorder that is characterized by persistent patterns of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that interfere with functioning or development

What has likely contributed to the increase in the number of individuals diagnosed with ADHD?

improved diagnostic procedures

5-11%

Estimated percentage of preschool and school−age children affected by ADHD in the United States

Strauss syndrome

A historical term applied to individuals with intellectual disabilities who exhibit high levels of distractibility and hyperactivity.

Minimal Brain Injury

A once popular term referring to individuals who exhibit behavioral signs of brain injury (such as distractibility or impulsivity) but with no neurological evidence.

Hyperactive child syndrome

A historical term commonly used to describe children who exhibit impulsivity, inattention, and/or hyperactivity.

TRUE OR FALSE: The label “minimal brain injury” was eventually replaced by “hyperactive child syndrome.”

True

What significant change in focus occurred during the 1980s regarding ADHD?

a shift towards focusing on inattention as the major deficit

3 Subtypes of ADHD

Inattentive type

Hyperactive-impulsive type

Combined type

Behavioral inhibition

A characteristic common in ADHD that impacts executive functions. Affects the ability to withhold a planned response, interrupt an ongoing response, and protect an ongoing response from distractions.

Doctor’s office effect

The absence of ADHD symptoms when the individual is evaluated in a structured environment, like a physician’s office.

ADHD Rating Scale–5

Tool used by clinicians to screen, diagnose, and evaluate treatment for ADHD in children and adolescents, based on the DSM-5 criteria

Are behavioral rating scales effective in distinguishing children with ADHD from those without?

Yes; they are effective but dependent on the rater’s perceptions of the child’s behavior.

Which activity would a child with ADHD most likely have difficulty with a school?

Waiting their turn to speak

Individuals with ADHD are prone to having ______________ due to the nature of their condition.

coexisting psychological disorders

The goal of medical evaluation in an ADHD diagnosis.

rule out medical causes for the behavior

The precise cause of ADHD is ______.

Unknown

Executive functions

Internal regulation of one’s behavior through control of emotions, inner speech, working memory, arousal levels, and motivation. Considered impaired in individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

Which regions of the brain are specifically associated with ADHD according to research?

frontal lobe, basal ganglia, and cerebellum

What is suspected to cause hyperactive behavior in individuals with ADHD?

Abnormalities in the cerebellum and/or basal ganglia

What is suspected to cause disorganization and inattentive behavior in individuals with ADHD?

Abnormalities in the prefrontal and frontal cortex

Multimodal interventions

The use of concurrent treatment approaches with students who exhibit attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

Functional behavioral assessment

A behavioral strategy that seeks to determine the purpose or function that a particular behavior serves—what is occasioning and maintaining the behavior.

Self regulation

The ability of an individual to manage or govern their own behavior.

Psychostimulants

Medications typically prescribed for ADHD. These drugs activate or enhance specific aspects of neurological functioning that in turn affect executive functions.

Rebound Effect

The behavioral deterioration sometimes observed in people with ADHD as the effect of psychostimulant medication gradually wears off.

Which treatment option is generally most effective for children with ADHD?

multimodal interventions

What is the goal of functional behavioral assessment?

to understand the purpose that a particular behavior serves

A behavioral strategy for ADHD that focuses on helping the individual manage their own behavior with a focus on achieving a positive target behavior.

self−regulation

Although many assistive devices used for other disabilities can benefit individuals with ADHD, ______ can specifically target the unique need for stimulation required by those with ADHD.

seat cushions

Smartphones and mobile technologies can be helpful for individuals with ADHD because of their support in _______.

self−monitoring.

Which is commonly observed in adults with ADHD?

frequent shifts in employment

When an adult with ADHD is looking for a job, it is recommended that they look for a job that ______.

aligns with their specific profile of symptoms

TRUE OR FALSE: Despite their benefits for young children with ADHD, medication has not been found to be beneficial for adults with these attention deficits.

False

Group perceived to have the most severe symptoms of ADHD.

Young Black males

What is the main reason why there are concerns about the diagnosis of ADHD in culturally and linguistically diverse groups?

because behavior rating scales may be biased

ADHD is not recognized as a _________ under current IDEA legislation.

Discrete disability