HBS109 - Anatomy and Physiology Week 1 content

What are the levels of body organisation?

Chemical → Cellular → Tissue → Organ → Organ system → Organism

What is anatomy?

The study of body structure

What is physiology?

The study of body function

What is homeostasis?

The ability of the body to maintain stable internal conditions

What are the components of a homeostatic control system?

Receptor, control centre, effector

What is negative feedback?

A response that reverses a change to maintain homeostasis

What is positive feedback?

A response that amplifies a change until an event occurs

What is anatomical position?

Standing upright facing forward, arms at sides, palms facing forward

What is the sagittal plane?

A plane dividing the body into left and right parts

What is the frontal (coronal) plane?

A plane dividing the body into anterior and posterior parts

What is the transverse plane?

A plane dividing the body into superior and inferior parts

What are the four properties of water essential for life?

Solubility, reactivity, high heat capacity, lubrication

What is a carbohydrate?

A molecule used mainly for energy

What is a lipid?

A hydrophobic molecule used for energy storage and membranes

What is a protein?

A molecule made of amino acids that performs structural and functional roles

What are nucleic acids?

Molecules that store and transmit genetic information

What are the two main nucleic acids?

DNA and RNA

What is ATP?

The main energy currency of the cell

What is an acid?

A substance that releases hydrogen ions (H+)

What is a base?

A substance that accepts hydrogen ions or releases hydroxide ions (OH−)

What is a salt?

A compound formed from an acid and a base

What is pH?

A measure of hydrogen ion concentration

What does low pH indicate?

Acidic solution

What does high pH indicate?

Basic (alkaline) solution

What are the 11 body systems?

Integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive

What does the integumentary system do and what organs does it include?

Protection and temperature regulation; skin, hair, nails, glands

What does the skeletal system do and what organs does it include?

Support and protection; bones, cartilage, ligaments, joints

What does the muscular system do and what organs does it include?

Movement and heat production; skeletal muscles and tendons

What does the nervous system do and what organs does it include?

Rapid control and communication; brain, spinal cord, nerves

What does the endocrine system do and what organs does it include?

Hormone regulation; pituitary, thyroid, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, testes

What does the cardiovascular system do and what organs does it include?

Transport of blood, oxygen and nutrients; heart, blood vessels, blood

What does the lymphatic system do and what organs does it include?

Immune defence and fluid return; lymph nodes, lymph vessels, spleen, thymus

What does the respiratory system do and what organs does it include?

Gas exchange; lungs, trachea, bronchi, nasal cavity

What does the digestive system do and what organs does it include?

Breakdown and absorption of nutrients; mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas, gallbladder

What does the urinary system do and what organs does it include?

Waste removal and water balance; kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra

What does the reproductive system do and what organs does it include?

Production of gametes and reproduction; testes or ovaries and associated structures

What do superior and inferior mean?

Superior: toward the head; Inferior: toward the feet

What do anterior and posterior mean?

Anterior: toward the front; Posterior: toward the back

What do medial and lateral mean?

Medial: toward the midline; Lateral: away from the midline

What do proximal and distal mean?

Proximal: closer to attachment; Distal: further from attachment

What do superficial and deep mean?

Superficial: near surface; Deep: further from surface

What are the main head regions?

Cephalic (head), frontal (forehead), orbital (eye), nasal (nose), buccal (cheek), oral (mouth), mental (chin)

What are the main neck and trunk regions?

Cervical (neck), thoracic (chest), abdominal (abdomen), pelvic (pelvis), pubic (genital)

What are the main chest and torso regions?

Sternal (breastbone), axillary (armpit), umbilical (navel), inguinal (groin)

What are the main shoulder and arm regions?

Acromial (shoulder), brachial (upper arm), antecubital (front of elbow), antebrachial (forearm)

What are the wrist and hand regions?

Carpal (wrist), manus (hand), digital (fingers)

What are the hip and thigh regions?

Coxal (hip), femoral (thigh)

What are the knee and lower leg regions?

Patellar (kneecap), crural (shin), fibular (outer lower leg)

What are the ankle and foot regions?

Tarsal (ankle), pedal (foot), digital (toes)

What are the main back regions?

Occipital (back of head), scapular (shoulder blade), vertebral (spine)

What are the lower back regions?

Lumbar (lower back), sacral (between hips), gluteal (buttock)

What are the back of leg regions?

Popliteal (back of knee), sural (calf)

What are the abdominal quadrants?

Right upper, left upper, right lower, left lower

What are the nine abdominopelvic regions?

Right hypochondriac, epigastric, left hypochondriac, right lumbar, umbilical, left lumbar, right iliac, hypogastric, left iliac