asi 220 Kstate exam 1

what organ produces bile

liver

what organ stores bile and secretes it into the small intestine

gall bladder

what organ secretes digestive enzymes into small intestine

pancreas

key to enzymatic digestion

every animal has a galbladder except

horse

esophagus dellivers…..

food to stomach

esophageal region of the stomach is

non secretory

since there is no protection it is a site for ulcers

fundic region of the stomach

acid and enzyme secretion

pyloric region is responsible

mucus secretion

what is the duodenum

relatively short segment bulk of digestive activities

pancreatic amylase- cho digestion

pancreatic peptidase-protein digestion

bile- fat emulsification

what is jejunum and ileum

the primary site of nutrient absorption

cho and AA go directly to the liver via the hepatic portal system (liver)

lipids that are broken down go into general circulation

what is the absorptive surface of small intestine

vulvae cooniventes- 3 fold

on top then there are vili - 30 fold

then microvili- 600 fold

what cannot be digested in small intestine

fiber – cellulose, hemicellulose, hay, forages, long stem roughages

what is the cecum responsible for

fermentation of structural cho

what is the cecum responsible for

fermentation of structural carbohydrates

whaat is the colon responsible for

water absorption fermentation of structural cho

bacterial synthesis of vit k and b vit

what happens in the large intestine

Bacteria, protozoa, fungus can break bonds of structural CHO.

Water absorption

Production of B-vitamins

what is the function of the crop in a chicken

hold feed stuff for later

what is the function of the esophagus in a chicken

moistens ingested materials

limited fermentation

limited enzymatic digestion

What is the function of the proventriculus

acid and enzymes secreted

what happens in the ventriculus

hydrolytic and enzymatic digestion

particle size reduction via grinding

the small intestine of a chicken is

similar to pig in structure in function

What happens in the paired ceca (avian)

fermentation

what happens in the large intestine ( avian)

relatively small

limited fermentation

In avian where does fermentation occur

ceca

Everything should be digested and absorbed by the time it gets to this organ in the avian

colon

How many kcals are in corn for a pig

3,420

How many kcals are in corn for avian

3,350

A horse cecume is large/small

large

why are horse cecums so large?

they consume long stem forage

they need bacteria in the cecum to break it down

what are the big three VFA’s

acetate, propionate, butyrate

the horse can get % energy from vfa and % on its own

30

70

race horses get there nutrients from… which is all absorbed in the….

bagged feed such as oats and corn

small intestine

what is the cecum,ventral colon and dorsal colon responisble for in hind gut fermenters

major site of fermentative digestion

vfa production and absorption

no availability of microbial protein b/c fermentation post gastric

what goes on in the small colon and rectum of a hind gut fermenter

water and electrolyte resorption

where does fermentation digestion occur

left and right cecum

why do cattle produce a lot of saliva

helps to prevent bloat

lubrication

helps keep pH neutral

what shape is the esophagus in a cow

sigmoid

for both forward and reverse peristalsis

how much does the foregut take up of the abdominal cavity ( ruminant )

60-80%

what is the rumen responsible for in a ruminant

microbial fermentation

what lives within the rumen in a ruminant

symbiotic anaerobic microorganisms

bacteria

protozoa

fungi

the interior of the rumen in a ruminant is covered in… which is responsible for.. and ….affects the number and size of them

papillae

absorption

feeding

what is the reticulum responsible for in a rumen

regurgitation and eructation (belch)

hold food and then regurgitate it

which side of the reticulum is the reticulum groove located on in a ruminant

right side

what is the function of the reticulum groove in young cattle

allows milk to by pass rumen and straight into the small intestine

connects esophagus with omasuum

what is the omasum responsible for in a rumen

water and electrolyte absorption

not a lot happens there

where is the omasum loacated in a ruminant and what does it look like

posterior to reticulum and rumen

muscular spherical organ

the omasum in a ruminant has muscular folds that are called…and the function of them is

laminae

prevent passage of large particles

what is the abomasum responsible for in the rumen

gastric stomach

true stomach

only foregut compartment with secretory tissue

what type of digestion begins in the abomasum in a ruminant

hydrolytic and enzymatic

what is the size of the cecum in a ruminant and what type of digestion takes place

much larger compared to monogastric

fermentative digestion

what are the end products of fermentation in a ruminant

volatile fatty acids

what are microbes a major source of energy for

carbohydrates and host

what is microbial cell protein the result of

fermentation of carbohydrates amino acids and NPN

where do ruminants get most of their protein from

major crude proteins

what kind of energy would a horse nutrionalist use

de- digestive energy

what energy would beef cattle use

Net energy

nem and neg

what energy would a growing heifer nutrionalist use

nem neg

what energy would lactating dairy cow nutrionalist use

nei

what kind of energy would a pig poultry dogs and cats use

me

metabolizable energy

cereal grains are high/low in fiber….except….

low

oats

corn has how much crude protein

7-8%

corn is not used for…. but for….

protein

energy

what are primary sources of energy in animal feeds

grains

what makes up grains

low fiber less than 4 percent

low crude protein

low protein quality

* poor aa profile
* lysine content low

low ca

what makes up corn in us

high starch low fiber

energy dense

poor aa

low in lysine

what is corn prone to and why is it a big deal

myotoxins and mold

this is a big deal because horses cant handle myotoxins and mold

what is sroghum

is is also called milo it does not need alot of water

down side is tannis which is just a funny taste

similar to corn

not a huge use for milo in humans only for beer and porridge

what is wheat greater than in corn

lysine and phosphorus

does wheat respond well to grinding… what does it produce

no

flour

why do we need to limit flour in ruminants diet

it can cause acidosis because it is extremely fermentable

what kind of wheat is used for human consumption

6 major classes

lower cp value more likely to be fed to humans

why are oats high in protein

because of hull on the outside of seed kernel

how are oats different than corn

greater fiber and less energy

what percent of commercial horses use oats

31%

how does barley compare to corn

more fiber and less energy

barly is commonly fed to…rather than….

show lambs

swine

what are fats and oils good for

replacements for dietary grain

what are some common alternative energy sources

bakery products

grain- milling byproducts

oilsseed milling byproducts

grain screenings-grain cleaning

damaged grains

soy bean meal is… soy bean oil is…

the by product

what we are after

feul ethanol is a by product/co-product and what is it

by product

distillers grain with solubles may be wet or dried

dry corn milling is a by product/co product and what is it

by product

corn germ hominy feed

wet corn milling is a by product/co product and what is it

by products

corn germ

glutenfeed

corn gluten meal

What are wheat middlings by product/co product?

most commonly used wheat milling by product

what are wheat middlings high in….used in

protein- 16%

digestability

peleted horse feed

what can wheat middlings be labeled as and high in

grain by products

phosphorus

what is the down side of wheat mids

if the ration gets out of wack it can cause kidney stones and crystals

it can also cause calculi can kill a steer

if a by product has high starch then it will have high…

energy

vice versa

are lipids soluable or insoluable in water

short ot long chain

saturated or unsaturated

insoluable

long

unsaturated

where does fat come from

animals

where does oil come from

plants

functions of lipids

energy storage

insulation

Where does tallow come from and what

level of unsaturatedness

dierts are they normally used in

\

tallow is from cattle

low in unsaturated high in daturated

used in cattle dog and cat diets

what diet is poultry grese used in

level of unsaturatedness

**poultry diets**

high in unsat

Choice white grease

level of unsaturadness

what diet

moderate

poultry

vegatable fats

level of unsaturadeness

diets

high in unsaturated

horse and poultry

most common protein source in monogastrics

soybean meal

what happens if you put more than 6% fat in a ruminant diet

you start inhibiting the rumen microbes

this stops fermenting of fiber

what leads to poor soft belly quality in swine diets unsat or sat fats

unsaturated fats

what is the current trend in fat high horse diets

high fat and low starch/sugar

what are the believed benefits of high fat and low starch/sugar in a horse diet

improve performance

decrease reactivity and nervousness

decreased body heat