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Muscular System
The system responsible for movement, blood circulation, and heat production in the body.
Skeletal Muscles
Voluntary muscles attached to bones that facilitate movement.
Tendons
Connective tissues that attach muscles to bones.
Movement
The primary function of skeletal muscles, facilitated by contraction and relaxation.
Voluntary Movement
Movement that is consciously controlled by the nervous system.
Cardiac Muscle
Involuntary muscle tissue found in the heart that pumps blood.
Heat Production
Generated by muscle contractions as a byproduct of metabolism.
Blood Circulation
The process of pumping blood throughout the body to deliver nutrients and oxygen.
Muscle Contraction
The process when muscle fibers shorten and generate force.
Agonist Muscle
The muscle primarily responsible for producing a specific movement.
Antagonist Muscle
The muscle that opposes the action of the agonist.
Synergist Muscle
Muscles that assist the agonist in performing a movement.
Fixator Muscle
Muscles that stabilize the origin of the agonist to enhance the efficiency of the movement.
Neuromuscular Junction
A specialized synapse where a motor neuron communicates with a muscle fiber.
Acetylcholine (ACh)
A neurotransmitter released at the neuromuscular junction leading to muscle contraction.
Excitation-Contraction Coupling
The process converting an electrical action potential into mechanical muscle contraction.
Cross-Bridge Cycling
The process whereby myosin heads attach to actin filaments, generating muscle tension.
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
The specialized smooth endoplasmic reticulum in muscle fibers that stores calcium ions.
Motor Unit
A single motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates.
Strain
An injury resulting from overstretching or tearing of muscle fibers or tendons.
Sprain
Injury to ligaments caused by excessive stretching or tearing.
Sarcopenia
The age-related loss of muscle mass and strength.
Myofibrils
Structures within muscle fibers that contain sarcomeres and are responsible for contraction.
Fibromyalgia
A chronic condition characterized by widespread musculoskeletal pain and fatigue.
Polymyalgia Rheumatica
A systemic inflammatory disorder causing muscle pain and stiffness in older adults.
Myasthenia Gravis
An autoimmune disorder leading to fluctuating muscle weakness.
Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors
Medications that increase acetylcholine availability at the neuromuscular junction.
Autorhythmicity
The inherent ability of cardiac muscle cells to initiate electrical impulses.
Gap Junctions
Specialized connections between cardiac muscle cells allowing coordinated contractions.
Isometric Contraction
Muscle contractions where the muscle length does not change, maintaining posture.
Concentric Contraction
Muscle contraction where the muscle shortens under tension.
Eccentric Contraction
Muscle contraction where the muscle lengthens while producing tension.
Ligaments
Tissue that connects bones to other bones at joints.
Tendon Injuries
Damage occurring to tendon fibers from overstretching or overexertion.
Elastic Components
Special structures within muscles that allow for passive tension during stretching.
Sarcomere
The basic contractile unit of muscle fibers composed of actin and myosin.
Reactive Hyperemia
Increased blood flow following occlusion, relevant in muscle recovery.
Motor Neurons
Nerve cells that innervate skeletal muscles, facilitating movement.
Antibody-mediated Disorders
Conditions where immune-mediated responses target acetylcholine receptors.
Corticosteroids
Medications commonly used to reduce inflammation in various musculoskeletal conditions.
Calcium Ions
Essential for muscle contraction, released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
Voluntary Control
Control over muscular movements that is consciously exerted.
Involuntary Control
Control over muscle functions that occurs automatically, without conscious thought.
Muscle Hypertrophy
The increase in muscle size through exercise-induced growth.
Mitochondrial Biogenesis
The process of generating new mitochondria within muscle cells.
Proprioception
The sensory perception of body position and movement, important for balance.
Dorsiflexion
Movement of the foot that lifts the toes upward.
Plantar Flexion
Movement that points the toes downward.
The primary function of the __________ system is to maintain posture and produce movement.
muscular
__________ muscles are under voluntary control and are attached to bones.
Skeletal
Muscles contract and generate __________, a byproduct of metabolism.
heat
__________ refers to the ability of muscles to shorten and generate force.
Contraction
The __________ muscle tissue is involuntary and is found in the heart.
Cardiac
Tendons are made of __________ that attach muscles to bones.
connective tissue
__________ movement is controlled consciously by the nervous system.
Voluntary
Muscle fibers that shorten during contraction are said to undergo __________.
isometric contraction
In __________ contraction, the muscle lengthens while producing tension.
eccentric
__________ muscles assist the agonist in performing a movement.
Synergist
A __________ muscle opposes the action of the agonist.
antagonist
The __________ junction is where a motor neuron meets a muscle fiber.
neuromuscular
Acetylcholine (ACh) is a __________ released at the neuromuscular junction.
neurotransmitter
The __________ reticulum stores calcium ions within muscle fibers.
sarcoplasmic
__________ results from overstretching or tearing muscle fibers or tendons.
Strain
A __________ is an injury to ligaments due to excessive stretching.
sprain
Sarcopenia refers to the age-related loss of __________ and strength.
muscle mass
__________ are structures within muscle fibers responsible for contraction.
Myofibrils
__________ is characterized by widespread musculoskeletal pain and fatigue.
Fibromyalgia
Muscle contractions where the muscle length does not change are called __________ contraction.
isometric
__________ is the increase in muscle size due to exercise.
Hypertrophy
The __________ is the basic contractile unit within muscle fibers.
sarcomere
__________ is a chronic condition affecting older adults with muscle pain.
Polymyalgia Rheumatica
The process of muscle contraction is called - coupling.
excitation-contraction
__________ units consist of a motor neuron and all muscle fibers it innervates.
Motor
Calcium ions are released from the __________ reticulum during muscle contraction.
sarcoplasmic
Gap junctions enable __________ contractions in cardiac muscle cells.
coordinated
The __________ of muscle contraction where muscle shortens under tension is called concentric contraction.
type
__________ is the sensory perception of body position, vital for balance.
Proprioception
Reactive __________ is the increased blood flow following occlusion.
hyperemia
Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors help increase the availability of __________ at the neuromuscular junction.
acetylcholine
__________ muscles stabilize the origin of the agonist for efficient movement.
Fixator
Muscle strength can be impaired by __________-mediated disorders affecting acetylcholine receptors.
antibody
__________ in muscle fibers generate new mitochondria and improve endurance.
Mitochondrial biogenesis
__________ refers to involuntary control over muscle functions.
Involuntary control
Skeletal muscles are critical for __________ and blood circulation.
movement
__________ are tissues connecting bones at joints.
Ligaments
The __________ system is essential for blood circulation and heat production.
muscular
Muscle contraction is also known as __________ tension generation.
force
__________ is the inherent ability of cardiac muscle cells to initiate electrical impulses.
Autorhythmicity
The __________ is the site of communication between motor neurons and muscle fibers.
neuromuscular junction
The __________ contraction is a type of extension that increases muscle tension without changing length.
isometric
Cardiac muscle has a unique property of __________ due to the presence of gap junctions.
syncytial contraction
__________ joints, connective tissue structures, connect skeletal muscles to bones.
Tendon
__________ fibers are responsible for quick, powerful muscle contractions for short activities.
Fast-twitch
Muscle tissue that does not fatigue easily and can sustain activity is called __________-twitch muscle.
slow
__________ should be minimized to prevent injury during athletic activities.
Strain
Muscle __________ involves rapid sequences of either concentric or eccentric contractions.
actions
Therapeutic __________ may be prescribed to alleviate inflammation in tendon injuries.
corticosteroids
A muscle's __________ affects its capacity to generate force and power during contraction.
cross-sectional area
____________ fibers contain myoglobin, which is important for oxygen transport during extended muscle activity.
Slow-twitch
What is the primary function of the muscular system?
The primary function of the muscular system is to maintain posture and produce movement.
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