Unit 1 APES

Individual

Individual

one organism (elk)

population

group of same species (elk herd)

community

all living organisms in an area

ecosystem

all living and nonliving things

biome

large area with similar climate conditions that determine plant and animal species there

Competition

organisms fighting over a resource like food or shelter: negative, negative

Predation

one organism using another for energy source; positive, negative

Mutualism

both organisms benefit; positive, positive

Commensalism

relationship that benefits one organism and doesn’t impact the other; positive, 0

Predation examples

Herbivores (giraffe and tree), Carnivores (leopard and giraffe), Parasites (mosquitoes, tapeworm, sea lamprey), Parasitoids (lay eggs e.g. bot fly and parasitic wasps)

Symbiosis

any close and long-term interaction between two organisms of different species

resource partitioning

different species using the same resource in different. ways to reduce competition

temporal partioning

using resources @ different times, such as wolves and coyotes hunting @ different times (night vs day)

spatial partioning

using different areas of a shared habitat (different length roots)

morphological partioning

using different resources based on different evolved body features

biome

an area that shares a combination of average yearly temp. and precipitation (climate)

tropical rainforest

taiga (boreal forest)

temperate deciduous forest

grassland

desert

tundra

tropical rf

nutrient-poor soil (high competition from so many diff. species)

taiga

nutrient poor soil (low temp and low decomp. rate of dead org. matter)

temperate forest

nutrient rich soil (lots of dead org. matter-leaves and water temp/moisture for decomp)

biomes shift in location on earth as climate changes

ex: warming climate will shift taiga forests further north as tundra permafrost soil melts and lower latitudes become too warm for aspen and spruce

salinity

how much salt there is in a body of water and determines which species can survive and usability for drinking

depth

influences how much sunlight can penetrate and reach plants below the surface for photosynthesis

flow

determines which plants and organisms can survive and how much oxygen can dissolve into the water

temperature

warmer water holds less dissolved O2 so it can support fewer aquatic organisms

littoral zone

shallow water w/ emergent plants

limnetic

where light can reach (photosynthesis)

• No rooted plants, only phytoplankton

profundal

too deep for sunlgiht (no phots.)

benthic

murky bottom where inverts bugs live, nutrient rich sediments

wetlands

area with soil submerged/saturated in water for at least part of the year, but shallow enough for emergent plants

plants in wetlands

they are adapted to living with roots submerged underwater for instance lily pads cattails and reeds

Benefits

stores excess water during floods, recharges groundwater by absorbing rainfall into soil, filters pollutants, high plant growth due to lots of water and nutrients

Swamp

Cyprus tree

Marsh

reed and cattails

Bog

spruce and sphagnum moss

estuaries

areas where rivers empty into the ocean, mix of fresh and salt water

Salt Marsh

estuary habitat along coast in temperate climates and is a breeding ground for many fish and shellfish species

Mangrove Swamps

estuary habitat along coast of trop. climates and has mangrove trees with long stilt roots that stabilize shoreline and provide habitat for many species of fish and shellfish

Coral Reef

Mutualistic relationship; warm shallow waters beyound the shoreline most diverse marine (ocean) biome on earth

Coral and Algae Relationship

coral take CO2 out of the ocean to create calcium carbonate exoskeleton (the reef) and also provide CO2 to the algae and algae live in the reef and provide sugar (energy) to the coral through photosynthesis

Intertidal zones

narrow band of coastline between high and low tide; need to be adapted and survive crashing waves; EX: barnacles, sea stars, crabs

Open Ocean

low productivity/ area as only algae and phytoplankton can survive in most of ocean; they provide a huge part of the oxygen that we need to survive and absorbs a lot of CO2

Photic zone

area where sunlight can reach (photosynthesis)

Aphotic zone

area to deep for sunlight (no photosynthesis)

Photosynthesis

Producers convert CO2 into suga

Respiration

Sugars are converted back into CO2

Burial

slow process that stores carbon in underground sinks like sedimentary rock or fossil fuels

Extraction

Human extraction of fossil fuels brings carbon to Earth's surface, where it can be combusted

Exchange

CO2 in the atmosphere and CO2 dissolved in water are constantly exchanged

Combustion

Combustion converts fossil fuels and plant material into CO2

When does imbalance occur in carbon cycle?

When resorvoris or sinks are storing carbon

Carbon sinks

a carbon reservoir that stores more carbon than it releases (ocean: algae and sediment, plants, soil)

Carbon source

process that add Carbon to atmosphere (fossil fuel - oil n gas, animal agriculture - burping n farting = methane, deforestation - releases carbon from trees)

Photosynthesis process

removes CO2 from the atmosphere and converts it to glucose

glucose

biological form of carbon and stored chemical energy in the form of a sugar it is a carbon sink

Respiration

uses oxygen to break glucose down and release energy thus it is a carbon source

direct exchange

carbon dioxide moves directly between the atmosphere and ocean by dissolving into ocean water at the surface. An increase in atmospheric CO2 leads to a corresponding increase in oceanic CO2, which contributes to ocean acidification

what takes out CO2?

algae, phytoplankton, coral reef, marine org. with shells - carbon sinks

Fossil fuels

coal, oil, and natural gas are formed from fossilized remains of org. matter ex: dead ferns (coal) or marine algae n plankton (oil)

Phosphorus cycle

movement of p atoms and molecules between sources and sinks and it is extremely slow

Weathering

process by which rocks containing phosphorus minerals gradually break down due to natural forces like wind, rain, and temperature changes

Step 1

Weathering of uplifted rocks contributes phosphates to the land. Some phosphates make their way back to the ocean.

Step 2

Phosphate fertilizer applied to fields can run off directly into streams, become part of a soil pool, or be absorbed by plants.

Step 3

Excretion by animals and decomposition of both plants and animals release phosphates on land or in water.

Step 4

Dissolved phosphates precipitate out of solution and contribute to ocean sediments. Conversion of sediments into phosphate rocks is a very slow process.

Step 5

Geologic forces can slowly lift up phosphate rocks from the ocean floor to form mountains.

Synthetic

Humans mine phosphate minerals adding it to products like synthetic fertilizers and detergents/cleaners

Issues

synthetic fertilizers containing phosphates are added to lawns or ag. fields; runoff carries P into nearby bodies of water P from detergents and cleaners enter bodies of water via wastewater from homes

assimilation

occurs when plants absorb phosphate ions from the soil or water and incorporate them into organic molecules, like DNA and ATP, essential for growth and energy transfer. Animals then obtain phosphorus by consuming these plants or other animals.

excretion

when animals release phosphorus back into the environment through waste products

sedimentation

phosphate doesn’t really dissolve well in water so it forms chunks underneath and over time this can become sedimentary rocks

geo uplift

tectonic plate collision forcing up rock layers that form mountains then p cycle starts over again with weathering

Eutrophication

process where excess nutrients, especially phosphorus and nitrogen, enter water bodies (like lakes, rivers, and oceans), leading to an overgrowth of algae and other aquatic plants

Caused by

runoff containing fertilizers, sewage, and industrial waste.

Steps

Nutrient Enrichment → Algae Bloom → Oxygen Depletion → Aquatic Life Decline → Dead Zone

Terrestrial Reservoir

Phosphorus is stored in soil and rocks, particularly in phosphate-rich minerals. Through weathering, phosphate ions are released into the soil, where they become available to plants and enter the terrestrial food web.

Aquatic Reservoir

Phosphates from soil and rocks eventually enter water bodies through runoff and can accumulate in ocean sediments. Over long periods, these sediments may form new phosphate rock on the ocean floor.

evaporation

occurs when liquid water is heated by the sun and transforms into water vapor, entering the atmosphere

transpiration

process by which water is absorbed by plant roots from the soil, moves through the plants, and is released as water vapor through small openings in leaves called stomata

evapotranspiration

amount of water that enters atmosphere from transpiration and evaporation combined

surface runoff

occurs when excess water from precipitation (rain or snowmelt) flows over the land's surface instead of soaking into the ground

condensation

process by which water vapor in the atmosphere cools and changes back into liquid water droplets

infilitration

refers to the process by which water penetrates the soil surface and moves downward into the soil layers