Purdue NUTR 315 Exam 2

Fat soluble vitamins

A, D, E, K

Water soluble vitamins

B, C, choline

B vitamins

Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Pantothenic acid, Biotin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B-12

Vitamin A forms

retinoids (preferred), carotenoids

Vitamin A food

retinoids- animal sources, liver, fish, fortified dairy

cartenoids- dark green and yellow/orange vegetables

Vitamin A function

growth and development, cell differentiation, vision, immune function

Vitamin D food

fatty fish, cod liver, fortified dairy

Vitamin D3

synthesized from UV exposure, regulated by thyroid hormone

Vitamin D function

maintaining calcium and phosphorus concentration

Vitamin D deficiency

rickets, osteomalacia

Vitamin E food

plant oils, nuts, wheat germ

Vitamin E function

antioxidant

Vitamin E storage

stored in adipose tissue

Vitamin K food

Green veggies, some colon synthesis

Vitamin K function

Aid in blood clotting

Vitamin K storage

readily excreted, incorporated into VLDL and carried by LDL and HDL

Fat soluble absorption

Absorbed with dietary fat, 40-90%

Fat soluble transport

Chylomicrons and lipoproteins

Fat soluble storage

liver and/or adipose tissue

Water soluble properties

Easily destroyed, almost entirely secreted

Thiamin food

Pork, nuts, legumes, whole grains, mushrooms

Thiamin function

coenzyme needed for carb metabolism and nervous system

Thiamin deficiency

beriberi, and Wernicke-Korsakoff

Riboflavin food

dairy, wheat, and beverages

Riboflavin function

Flavins (coenzymes),and FAD for metabolic pathways

Riboflavin deficiency

ariboflavinosis

Niacin food

Synthesized from tryptophan, meat, enriched grain products

Niacin function

coenzyme NAD

Pantothenic Acid food

meat, milk, vegetables

Panthothenic acid function

formation of acetyl CoA and part of ACP

Biotin foods

whole grains, mushrooms, egg yolks, nuts

Biotin function

actetyl CoA to malonyl CoA for fatty acid synthesis, DNA folding

Vitamin B6 food

Meat, fish, poultry, grains

Vitamin B6 function

PLP necessary for amino acid synthesis and heme

Folate foods

Liver, legumes, dark leafy vegetables, 90% destroyed in cooking

Folate function

synthesis/maintenence of new cells, epigenetics, amino acid metabolism, neurotrasmitter synthesis

Vitamin B12 foods

animal products

Vitamin B12 functions

methionine synthesis, and methyl donor

Vitamin B12 storage

stored in liver and recycled in body

Vitamin B12 deficiency

Anemia's

Choline foods

animal foods, grains, nuts, lecithins, fruits and vegetables

Choline function

cell membrane component, neurotramitter, myelin, prevent liver fat

Vitamin C food

Fruits and vegetables

Vitamin C function

electron donor, collagen synthesis

Macro mineral

needed in large amounts- sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sulfur

Sodium foods

comes from added salt

sodium functions

aids in absorption of glucose, and some amino acids, required for nerve and muscle function, aids in water balance

Potassium foods

unprocessed sources

Potassium functions

similar to sodium

Potassium deficiency

hypokalemia, kidney stones, and bone loss

Chloride foods

salt

Chloride functions

Balances sodium charge, nerve impulse transmission, acid/base balance

Calcium foods

dairy, dark green vegetables

Calcium functions

bone development, muscle contraction, nerve impulse transmission, cell metabolism

Phosphorus food

dairy, bakery products, cereal

phosphorus functions

main component in bone and teeth, part of DNA, RNA, ATP

Magnesium food

found in chorophyll and hard water

Magnesium functions

required by most enzymes, nerve transmission, glucose and insulin metabolism

Sulfur foods

protein

Sulfur functions

synthesis of sulfur containing compounds, acid base balance

Micro minerals

<100mg/day

Iron foods

animal meat (heme iron, hemoglobin and myoglobin), vegetables and grains (non heme)

Iron functions

main component of myoglobin and hemoglobin

Zinc foods

meat, seafood, nuts, legumes

Zinc functions

DNA/RNA synthesis, heme synthesis, transcription

Copper foods

Liver, shellfish, soy, dark chocolate

Copper functions

redox reactions, aids SOD for free radicals, cytochrome C oxidase, neurotransmitters

Manganese foods

Whole grains, leafy vegetables, legumes

Manganese functions

important cofactor

Iodine function

Important for thyroid hormone

Selenium foods

seafood, meat, cereal

Selenium function

involved in 25 enzymes, antioxidant

Chromium foods

mineral rich food

Chromium function

may enhance insulin, promote glucose intake, regulate blood sugar

Fluoride food

not essential, fluorinated water

Fluoride functions

supporting deposition of calcium and phosphorus in teeth, prevents cavities