Body Systems and Functions

These flashcards cover the various body systems, functions, and anatomical terminology discussed in the lecture.

Integumentary System

•Function: Protection, temperature regulation, prevents water loss

•Major Organs: Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands.

Skeletal System

•Function: Support, protection, blood cell formation, mineral storage

•Major Organs: Bones, cartilage, ligaments.

Muscular System

•Function: Movement, posture, heat production

•Major Organs: Skeletal muscles.

Nervous System

•Function: Fast control and communication

•Major Organs: Brain, spinal cord, nerves.

Endocrine System

•Function: Hormone regulation of growth, metabolism, reproduction

•Major Organs: Pituitary, thyroid, adrenal glands.

Cardiovascular System

•Function: Transport of oxygen, nutrients, wastes

•Major Organs: Heart, blood vessels, blood.

Lymphatic System

•Function: Immunity, fluid balance

•Major Organs: Lymph nodes, spleen, thymus.

Respiratory System

•Function: Gas exchange (O{2}/CO{2})

•Major Organs: Lungs, trachea, bronchi.

Digestive System

•Function: Breakdown and absorption of nutrients

•Major Organs: Stomach, intestines, liver.

Urinary System

•Function: Waste removal, water balance

•Major Organs: Kidneys, bladder.

Male Reproductive System

•Function: Produce sperm and hormones

•Major Organs: Testes, penis.

Female Reproductive System

•Function: Produce eggs, support fetal development

•Major Organs: Ovaries, uterus.

Homeostasis

The body's ability to maintain stable internal conditions despite external changes.

Negative Feedback Mechanism

Restores balance (temperature, glucose);

•for example, shivering raises temperature and sweating lowers it.

Positive Feedback Mechanism

Amplifies change (like during labor or blood clotting); it is rare because it can destabilize the body.

Directional Term: Anterior (Ventral)

Refers to the front of the body.

Directional Term: Posterior (Dorsal)

Refers to the back of the body.

Directional Term: Superior (Cranial)

Refers to a position above another part; toward the head.

Directional Term: Inferior (Caudal)

Refers to a position below another part; toward the feet.

Directional Term: Medial

Toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side.

Directional Term: Lateral

Away from the midline of the body; on the outer side.

Directional Term: Proximal

Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk.

Directional Term: Distal

Farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk.

Anatomical Position

Standard body standing upright, feet flat on the floor, arms at the sides, palms facing forward.

Planes: Sagittal Plane

A vertical plane that divides the body into right and left parts.

Planes: Frontal (Coronal) Plane

A vertical plane that divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions.

Planes: Transverse Plane

A horizontal plane that divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions.

Abdominopelvic Cavity

Includes the abdominal cavity lined by peritoneum and contains organs covered by visceral peritoneum.

Cranial Cavity

Contains the brain and is protected by bone.

Spinal Cavity

Contains the spinal cord.

Thoracic Cavity

The chest cavity, which contains the heart and lungs, protected by the rib cage.