Magnus Jacobsen - Chemistry - Chapter 2(& little bit of 6)

What is a physical property?

It is a quality of a substance that can be observed without changing the composition of the substance

How would you describe what a chemical property of an object is?

It is a quality of a substance that can only be observed by changing the composition of a substance

what are extensive properties of objects?

Properties that depend on the amount of matter in a sample

what are intrusive properties of objects?

Properties that depend on the type of matter in a sample, but not the amount of that matter

List the properties of a solid

- Organized crystalline strucutre
- Constant shape and volume
- Particles have vibrational motion but not translational motion

List the properties of a liquid

- No organized pattern
- Constant volume but not shape
- particle's have vibrational motion but not translation motion

List the properties of a gas

- No organization
- No constant volume or shape
- Volume is determined by the size of the container
- Vibrational energy and translational energy

What is vapor?

Gas from a liquid or a solid

How would you define pressure?

Pressure is just how many particles are pushing against the sides of a container

What is the term to describe the change from solid to liquid?

Melting
Fusion

What is the term to describe the change from liquid to solid?

Freezing
Crystallization (implies that the resulting structure is atomically organized)

What is the term to describe the change from liquid to gas?

Boiling
Evaporation

*Vaporization

What is the term to describe the change from gas to liquid?

Condensation

What is the term to describe the change from solid to gas?

Sublimation

What is the term to describe the change from gas to solid?

Deposition

What does it mean by pure in a pure substance?

It means it is the same throughout

What does a pure substance mean?

It means it has a constant composition

List the properties of an element

- simplest form of matter
- single atom, entire element is made of that atom
- most elements are monatomic, some are diatomic

What does STP mean?

standard temperature and pressure

0 degrees Celsius

sea level pressure

What does it mean by bonded?

The gain, sharing, or loss of electrons between atoms

How would you describe what a compound is?

A compound is 2 or more different atoms bonded together with a distinct ratio and the same % composition

How would you describe the process of evaporation

Particles near the top of the liquid steal kinetic (heat) from other particles below and then leave with that heat resulting in the stuff below being cooler and a gaseous particle of that substance

How would you describe the process of boiling/

All particles have the kinetic heat to leave the substance, so everywhere gaseous particles for from the liquid ones, which is why bubbles form within the liquid iteself

In what order are substances classefied?

1) phase
2) element or compound
3) (Monodomic or Diatormic) or (Molecular or Ionic or Mix)

What is a diatomic element? What are some of these elements?

A lind of element that naturally forms in pairs of itself

Bromine, Iodine, Nitrogen, Chlorine, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Flourine

What is a mixture?

Not a pure substance because its composition will change where you take the sample

What is O₃?

Ozone, it is 3 oxygens bonded together

What does (aq) mean in a chemical formula?

It means that it is a homogeneous mixture of water and the compound

What is an alloy?

It is a mixture of metal where the physical properties of each metal remains

What does miscible mean?

The ability to dissolve as a liquid into a liquid

What does immiscible mean?

The ability to not dissolve as a liquid into a liquid

What is the defenition of a homogenous mix?

even distribution of particles, a true solution

What is the definition of a heterogeneous mix?

Uneven distribution of two particles

What is filtration?

The separation of a hetero mix by size using filter paper

What is decanting?

The separation on two mixtures of different densities by pouring off the upper layers

What is evaporation (in terms of separating mixtures?

It is the separation of a liquid and solid through the use of their difference in boiling points

what is distillation?

The separation of two liquids in a homo mix and the capture of the evaporated mix

What is chromotography?

The separation of substances through the attractive forces

What is centrifuging?

The separation of two substances based on their difference in densities

What is a physical change?

A physical change is a change in a substance that does not change its chemical composition

What is a chemical change?

A chemical change is a change that changes its chemical composition

What does it take to break bonds?

Energy

What is released when bonds form?

Energy

What must you write in a chemical reaction to make sure it is balanced?

Energy, either on the left side if it is endothermic or on the right side if it is exothermic

Is there such thing as negative energy?

No

How do we write describe energy in a chemical formula?

∆H

What are some clues for chemical change?

Color change
Bubbles (gas formation)
Phase changes
Heat loss or release
A new odor
A light evolution
A Ph change
Formation of a precipitate

What is the conservation of mass?

The rule that matter and energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred

Atoms can only be rearranged

What is kinetic energy?

The energy of motion, or the energy of things that can move (atoms...)

What is potential energy?

The energy of particles position relative to each other

Does heat energy truly exist?

No

What is an endothermic reaction?

Heat is absorbed

think endo as enter, as in absorbed

What is an exothermic reaction?

heat is released

think of exo as exit, as in released

What causes a change in heat energy during a chemical change?

It is caused by the breaking and forming of bonds

Energy in --\> breaking
energy out --\> forming

What occurs during a simple heat transfer?

The average kinetic energies of the particles is changing while thermal energy is being transferred from one to another

What is the temperature of a substance?

The average kinetic energy of its particles

What is the average kinetic energy of a substances particles?

the average of all the speeds of the particles in the substance

What does it mean to feel something hot?

It is just the heat energy of whatever you are touching entering your body

What does it mean to feel something cold?

It is just the heat energy of whatever you are touching leave your body

What is temperature?

The measure of the amount of heat energy something has

Do all particles in a substance have the same kinetic energy?

No, some are moving faster than other or slower than others due to how interactions and collisions with one another cause them to move quicker or slower

Where does heat flow to?

From hot substances to cold substances until their average kinetic energies are the same

How does mass relate to heat energy?

The more massive an object is, the more heat energy it will have at a specific temperature due to how there is more particles within it

What amount of energy does heat energy measure?

Heat energy measures the amount of energy (potential or kinetic) an object possesses

What causes heat to flow?

When two interacting objects have the same temperature

What stops heat flow?

When the two objects have the same temperature

What is specific heat?

The amount of energy measued in joules 1 gram of an object needs to raise its avg. kinetic energy by 1 degree celsius

What things change the end temperature of an object that is going under heat flow with another object?

The mass of the two objects, the type of two objects and the enviroment

What are dobereiners triads?

The fact that when you average the mass of elements above and below an unknown element, they will equal the mass of the unknown element

What are newlands octaves?

The pattern that is similar to octaves in music, where there are similar properties of elements 8 boxes away from each other

(he was ridiculed for trying to equate chemistry to music)

What did mendeleev do?

Mendeleev arranged elements in order of their masses, he gave the first proper periodic table

What was notable about mendeleevs periodic table?

It was the first and he left blanks where he thought there could be a new element, which he guessed from large differences in atomic masses

What did moseley do?

He arranged the elements by their number of protons and cracked the code

What is the modern periodic table based on?

Atomic numbers

What is the periodic law?

The fact that when elements are arranged by their number of protons, periodic patterns emerge in their physical and chemical properties

What are the 3 super general sectors of the period table and where are they?

Metals, mettaloids/semi-metals, and non metals

Metals are everything left of the staircase, metalloids are on the staircase, and non-metals are to the right of the staircase

Except for Hydrogen, which is a nonmetal, and aluminium which is a metal.

What property do metalloids have?

they tend to have properties of both metals and non-metals, making them very useful

Which ones are the groups?

They are the vertical coloumns

How many groups are there?

18

What are the representative elements?

The "a" elements, which are groups 1-2 and 13-18, also known as the S and P blocks

What are the transition metals?

The "b" elements, which are rows 3-12, also known as D block elements

What are the inner transition metals?

The metals down bottom that doen't really have much of a use or are very radioactive

What two groups make up the inner transition metals?

The lanthanides and actinides

What group are the alkali metals?

The group 1

What is significant about the alkali metals?

They are very reactive

How does the general trend of reactivity appear on the periodic table?

The further left you are, the more reactive it becomes, the further down you are the more reactive it becomes

Why are alkali metals so reactive?

Because they have one valenace electron that is very easily lost

What are valence electrons?

Electrons in the outer ring

Why do atoms exchange the valence electrons?

Because they have the least "grip" strength on them

Why are alkali metals never really found anywhere?

Because they react really easily with oxygen and water

What is notable about alkaline earth metals?

They are reactive, but not as reactive as alkali metals

Can alkaline earth metals be found in nature?

No, they can only really exist in abundant compounds

How do we obtain alkaline earth metals?

The electrolysis of their molten salts

How many valence electrons do alkaline earth metals have?

2 valence electrons

What is notable about the transition metal properties?

They don't really have much in common with each other, its just more of a mix of different elements with different properties

What is notable about the oxidation states of the transition metals?

They can have multiple oxidation states

What purpose do the transition metals serve in terms of colors?

They are the metals that produce colors in compounds and serve to color things like fireworks and such

What is notable about the halogens?

They are the most reactive non metal elements on the periodic table

Which non metal is the most reactive?

Flourine

How many valence electrons do the halogens have? What does this cause?

All except one, which causes it to be so reactive