FAU High School Summer Bridge - History - 2023 2024

B.C.E

✸Before Common Era or Before Christ✸

AKA B.C., was renamed to maintain religious neutrality

C.E.

✸Common Era or Christian Era✸

AKA A.D.

abdicate

to renounce one's position in power

accession

the attainment or acquisition of a position of rank or power, rising up in power

✴Accession=ascending in power✴

aesthetic

the branch of philosophy concerned with the nature of beauty and the nature of taste

agrarian

concerning farms, farmers, or the use of land

✴agrarian = relating to agriculture✴

amenities

-a desirable or useful feature or facility of a building or place.

-a luxury

EX: having a pool at home, having room service, having a balcony

anarchy

✴a state of disorder due to the absence or nonrecognition of authority or other controlling systems.

Simple Def: a society with no rulers

animism

✦the belief that objects, places, and creatures all possess a distinct spiritual essence

antiquity

the quality of being ancient; ancient times

✦antiquity = the quality of being antique-like✦

appeasement

Foreign policy of pacifying an aggrieved country through negotiation to prevent war.

✦Appeasement = to please✦

asceticism

✦a lifestyle characterized by abstinence from sensual pleasures, often for the purpose of pursuing spiritual goals

EX: Abstinence and fasting

assimilate

taking on the traits of the dominant culture to such a degree that the assimilating group becomes socially indistinguishable from other members of the society

EX: immigrants "American-washing" themselves to avoid being viewed as other

authoritarian

A government in which one leader or group of people holds absolute power.

○One holds all AUTHORITY○

EX: Russian Federation, Nazi Germany

autocracy

a system of government by one person with absolute power.

○REMEMBER: auto means oneself○

barbarism

-someone who is perceived to be either uncivilized or primitive

-a person from a foreign land, culture, or group believed to be inferior, uncivilized, or violent.

bureaucracy

🏷 a system of government in which most of the important decisions are made by ✦state officials✦ rather than by elected representatives.

🏷 Bureaucrats = busy, self-appointed cats 🏷

bureaucrats

someone who is a member of a bureaucracy

EX: government agencies, large corporations, and the military

city-state

a political system consisting of an independent city having sovereignty over contiguous territory and serving as a centre and leader of political, economic, and cultural life.

⋄A city that functions as its own state⋄

civic

∎the study of the rights and obligations of citizens in society∎

classical

relating to ancient Greek or Latin literature, art, or culture.

colonial

of, relating to, or characteristic of a colony or colonies.

-colony = a group of people who settle in a new place but keep ties to their homeland.-

commerce

the buying and selling of goods

communal

♫shared by all members of a community; for common use.♫

EX: collective households, cohousing communities, co-living, ecovillages, monasteries, survivalist retreats, kibbutzim, hutterites, ashrams, and housing cooperatives

concubine

a woman who lives with a man but has lower status than his wife or wives.

☃extramarital sexual relationship☃

conscription

state-mandated enlistment of people in a national service

♢AKA being drafted♢

continuity

things that stay the same, relatively unchanged, over time

♢long-standing traditions, cultural values, or political systems that endure despite changes that may occur in other areas.♢

contradict

♢deny the truth of (a statement) by asserting the opposite.

♢be in conflict with.

corroborate

(v.) to confirm, make more certain, bolster, substantiate, verify

cosmopolitan

Places that are "diverse," or bustling with lots of people of varying nationalities

coup

a sudden, violent, and illegal seizure of power from a government

demography/demographic

the statistical study of human populations

despot

a ruler with absolute power or tyrannical control over a group of people

✮tryant

diaspora

✮a large group of people who may share a national or regional origin, but for a variety of reasons, are living outside of this traditional homeland.

☆EX: removal of Jewish people from Judea, the removal of Africans through slavery

dissent

a dissatisfaction with or opposition to the policies of a governing body

☆ Dissent = disagree ☆

dissident

a person who opposes official policy, especially that of an authoritarian state.

domestic/domesticate

-process in which people found new ways to control different plants and animals to better suit human needs

-within the same country

dynasty/dynastic

a line of hereditary rulers of a country.

How to Remember: ❉dynasty = eat dinner together?❉

edict

an order issued by someone in authority

egalitarian

relating to or believing in the principle that all people are equal and deserve equal rights and opportunities.

HTR: ❉Egal = equal❉

elite

a select group that is superior in terms of ability or qualities to the rest of a group or society.

emigrate

the act of leaving your own country in order to settle permanently in another.

epic

A long narrative poem telling of a hero's deeds

ethnocentric

believing in the superiority of one's own ethnic and cultural group, and having a corresponding disdain for all other groups

❉Ethno = ethnicity

❉Centric = central point

EX: Nazi Germany -> Aryan Race

feudalism

a system in which people were given land and protection by people of higher rank, and worked and fought for them in return

❉the dominant social system in medieval Europe

genocide

Deliberate extermination of a racial or cultural group

EX: Holocaust, The Rape of Nanking, The Rwandan Genocide

gentry

upper middle class of wealthy gentlemen farmers who were well educated, politically astute, and generally came from successful families.

❉AKA farmer/landowning class❉

guild

associations of craftsmen and merchants formed to promote the economic interests of their members as well as to provide protection and mutual aid

HTR: ❉guild = group❉

hierarchy

A group organized by rank

HTR: ❉HIerarchy = HIgh class lives best❉

hominids

A species on the human branch of the evolutionary tree; a member of the family Hominidae, including Homo sapiens and our ancestors

homogenous

of the same or a similar kind or nature

❉Homo = same❉

ideology

A consistent set of beliefs by groups/individuals

HTR: ❉ideology = ideas of a group❉

imperial/imperialism

A. a policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.

B. rule by an emperor.

indigenous

originating or occurring naturally in a particular place; native

infrastructure

the basic physical and organizational structures and facilities (e.g. buildings, roads, power supplies) needed for the operation of a society or enterprise.

lineage

lineal descent from an ancestor; ancestry or pedigree.

linguistic

the scientific study of language and its structure

manifest

- document listing the cargo, passengers, and crew of a ship, aircraft, or vehicle, for the use of customs and other officials

- philosophy claiming that a nation needs to expand

maritime

connected with the sea, especially in relation to seafaring commercial or military activity.

martial

of or appropriate to war; warlike.

matrilineal

relating to a social system in which family descent and inheritance rights are traced through the mother

mercenary

a professional soldier hired to serve in a foreign army.

monarchy

A government ruled by a king or queen

monopoly/monopolize

-the exclusive possession or control of the supply of or trade in a commodity or service.

-exclusive control by one party/person

monotheism

Belief in one God

mystical

having a spiritual sense or importance beyond human understanding

nation-state

A state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality

✷Country with Homogenous factors✷

neo

new

Neolithic

of, relating to, or denoting the later part of the Stone Age, where agriculture was introduced

✷Neo = New

✷Lithic = Stone

Nomadic

wandering from place to place

Oligarchy

a small group of people having control of a country, organization, or institution.

✷Olig = few

✷archy = rule

pantheon

Meaning: of all gods

The Pantheon is a former Roman temple and, since 609 AD, a Catholic church in Rome, Italy

Papal/papacy

the office or authority of the pope

parliament/parliamentary system

Parliament = legislative body

PS= a system of government having the real executive power vested in a cabinet composed of members of the legislature who are individually and collectively responsible to the legislature

pastoral

-related to the keeping or grazing of sheep or cattle

-concerning or appropriate to the giving of spiritual guidance

patriarchal

Dominated by men

patrilineal

based on or tracing descent through the male line

patronage

- (politics) granting favors or giving contracts or making appointments to office in return for political support

-financial aid that an organization or individual bestows on another.

peasant

a member of a class of persons who are small farmers or farm laborers of low social rank

pharaoh

a ruler in ancient Egypt

piety/pious

devoutly religious.

polity

an organized society, such as a nation, state, church, or other organization, having a specific form of government

polygamy

having more than one spouse at a time

polytheism

Belief in many gods

proselytize

to convert someone to a faith, belief, or cause

provinical

(adj) pertaining to an outlying area; local; narrow in mind or in outlook, countrified in the sense of being limited and backward; of a simple, plain design that originated in the countryside

(n) a person with a narrow point of view; a person from an outlying area; a soldier froma province or colony

Synonyms: narrow-minded, parochial, insular, naive

Antonyms: cosmopolitian, catholis, broad-minded

regent

a person appointed to administer a country because the monarch is a minor or is absent or incapacitated.

republic

A form of government in which citizens choose their leaders by voting

rhetoric/rhetorical

the study of writing or speaking as a means of communication or persuasion

sedentary

living in groups permanently in one place

serf

A person who is bound to the land and owned by the feudal lord

HOW TO REMEMBER: Miracle Musical said "See how the serfs work the ground"

Sharia

set of Islamic religious law that governs aspects of day-to-day life for Muslims in addition to religious rituals

Sinification

extensive adaptation of Chinese culture in other regions

HTR: Sini = Chinese in Hebrew

state

a nation or territory considered as an organized political community under one government.

steppe

sparse, dry, treeless grassland

stratification

society's categorization of its people into groups based on socioeconomic factors

Sub-Saharan

from or forming part of the African regions south of the Sahara desert.

✷ Sub = underneath or lower

Subordinate

(adj.) lower in rank or position, secondary; (n.) one who is in a lower position or under the orders of someone else; (v.) to put in a lower or secondary position

Succession

the order in which or the conditions under which one person after another succeeds to a property, dignity, position, title, or throne.

syncretism

a blending of beliefs and practices from different religions into one faith