ARCHITECTURE EXAM 2

Law of Indies - 1573

A comprehensive set of regulations for Spanish colonization. They replaced violent "conquest" with "pacification," aiming to regulate town planning and protect indigenous populations, while enforcing strict grid layouts centered on a central plaza. Regulated social, political, religious, and economic life in the Spanish territory.

Plan of Santo Domingo
1486-1506

Name
Date

Plan of Santo Domingo, 1496

• Dominican Republic

• Destroyed by a hurricane in 1500

• Early goals of laws of Indies:

  • Grid system (orthogonal)

  • Church is at the center of the plan

    • Sense of importance of religion

    • Easily accessible, spreading of religion (Catholic faith)

  • River and water access (ports)

  • Organized, neat, well-developed

Château de Chambord
Domenico da Cortano
Chambord, France
1509-1560

Name
Architect
Location
Date

Château de Chambord - Domenico da Cortano

• Renaissance: Rounded arches, cornices, balustrades, pedimented entrance, plasters

  • However, they do not fully understand the orders (plaster ratios)

• Gothic: Elongated and stretched out, flying buttresses, spiky ornamented roof line

• Not only reflects the King, but the whole country of France

  • Francis I of France

    • Interested Italian art and architecture

      • Patron of Leonardo Da Vinci

      • Died in Francis I arms

    • Captured by Italians

    • Opened the doors to new cultures and ideas when returned to France

• Does not abandon French architecture completely

• Big windows show it is not built for attack (it is not a medieval castle)

• First time Greek Cross was included

• Renaissance ideas on a Medieval type building

• Double Helix Staircase — Leonardo Da Vinci

  • Da Vinci was dead before this building was built

  • Da Vinci had a drawing exactly like the staircase, shows his influence

Square Court, Palace of the Louvre
Pierre Lescot
Paris, France
1536-1556

Name
Architect
Location
Date

Square Court, Palace of the Louvre - Pierre Lescot

• Began to make it more modern in 1545 under Henry II

• Sculpture by Jean Goujan

• Connects both Italian and French architecture

Palace and Gardens of Versailles
Louis Le Vau (Architect), André Le Nôtre (Gardens), Charles Le Brun (Interior Decorator)
Versailles, France
1651-1671

Name
Architect
Location
Date

Palace and Gardens of Versailles

• Versailles, France — 1661

• Architecture as propaganda

• Everything has to work together, needs to glorify the King Louis XIV, because if you glorify Louis XIV, you glorify the territory of France

• King Louis XIV bedroom is in the center

• Mansard Roof

• Louis XIV had called himself the Sun King, so there are Sun emblems all around the building (center of the universe)

• Still has Renaissance elements while glorifying Louis XIV

• All Versailles was a theater, and King Louis XIV was a show

• Baroque frescos and art, displays power of the throne

  • Overwhelming decoration

• The front is very French-like, while the back is very boxy and Renaissance-like

• Trivium grand entrance

• Baroque planning is the planning of control

East Facade of the Louvre
Claude Perrault
Paris, France
1657-1680

Name
Architect
Location
Date

East Facade of the Louvre - Claude Perrault

• 1667-1670 - King Louis XIV starts construction again

• Much longer than anything the French would’ve done at the time

• Paired-columns = french device

• Triumphal arches, pediments

• Simplified Baroque = calm, linear, not theatrical

• Gianlorenzo Bernini’s idea for the East facade of the Louvre was rejected, as it was too theatrical and too Italian

  • Building concave and convexed

Hardwick Hall
Robert Smythson
Derbyshire, England
1581-1607

Name
Architect
Location
Date

Hardwick Hall - Robert Smythson

• Very vertical, eyes are pulled up (associated with gothic style)

• Decorative roof line (Gothic style)

• More blocky and uniform, planned and built as one (Renaissance approach)

• Balustrade, colonnade, A-B-A rhythm (Renaissance aspects)

• Banded columns, strong course that stops on side of building (hybridization of architecture)

• Bigger windows = more important spaces

• Defensive look with the corner towers, however, larger windows show it is not for defense

• Awareness of Italy

• Built for Elizabeth Shrewsbury, very wealthy and businesswomen (glass business)

  • “Hardwick Hall more glass than wealth”

  • Glass is expensive and she's showing it off

  • E.S. initials on the top of the building along with a crown

• Bess of Hardwick, Countess of Shrewsbury Rowland Lockey, 1592

• Hardwick (Old) Hall, 1587-1596 — Elizabeth’s first plan for Hardwick Hall, very irregular building plan

• Very thick stone walls to support glass

• Classical details inside of the house

• Important spaces are toward the top of the building, bottom spaces are for work spaces

• Massive gallery in the house filled with family portraits

Queen’s House
Inigo Jones
Greenwich, England
1606-1626

Name
Architect
Location
Date

Queen’s House - Inigo Jones

• Inspired off of Andrea Palladio's work — A-B-A format

  • Boxy, follows A-B-A format, blocky, balustrades

• Andrea Palladio wrote books with building plans, easily spreadable through countries

• England had a different climate, so there are less outside elements like balconies and extra elements like chimneys 

• Inigo Jones brought Italian Renaissance and architecture to England

  • Studied Palladio’s art, including his four books

  • Made the Renaissance architecture English

• Cube room in the building — same length, width, and depth

• Jones is inspired by Palladio but DOES NOT copy him

• Jones found favor for the royal family

• Resembles Andrea Palladio’s, Palazzo Chiericati

  • Vicenza, Italy, begun c. 1550

Banqueting House
Inigo Jones
London, England
1609-1632

Name
Architect
Location
Date

Banqueting House - Inigo Jones

• Visual glossary of classical and renaissance views

• Resembles Andrea Palladio’s Palazzo Iseppo

  • Porto, Vicenza, Italy, c. 1545

Plan for London
Sir Christopher Wren
London, England
1656-1676

Name
Architect
Location
Date

Plan for London - Sir Christopher Wren

• Selected for the new plan of London

• Plan For London, 1666 — 9 days after fire

• Centralized around Church, business and money markets, 

• Baroque approach with orthogonal grid — clear avenues leading to important places, triviums

• Wren and Bernini had met so it makes sense that it has Baroque aspects

• Make London a pleasure to experience, meets the goals and values of their leaders to make an impressive capital city

• However, the roads ended up being rebuilt like before the fire

• The king was restrained and controlled by the wealthy, so contractors had to build based on the rights of property owners

  • Wren will go on to create 15 new churches in England

• Resembles Pope Sixtus’ V plan for Rome with triviums leading to important elements of the city

Plan for London
Valentine Knight

Name
Architect

Plan for London
Robert Hooke

Name
Architect

St. Mary-le-Bow
Sir Christopher Wren
London, England
1660-1680

Name
Architect
Location
Date

St. Martin Ludgate
Sir Christopher Wren
London, England
1660-1680

Name
Architect
Location
Date

St Paul’s Cathedral
Sir Christopher Wren
London, England
1662-1719

Name
Architect
Location
Date

St Paul’s Cathedral - Sir Christopher Wren

• Gothic church that was burned down during the London fire

• Fire spread easily because of crammed houses and tight roads

  • “Greek Cross Design” c.1672 — turned away

  • “The Warrant Design” c.1675 — latin cross, longer nave, skinnier and more vertical dome

• Looks like a mix of Michelangelo's plan for St. Peters and the Tempietto mixed into one building

• Low flat roofline concealed by a balustrade → conceals references of flying buttresses

• From a distance, the building looks very classical, but close-up you can see the gothic elements

• Facade has paired columns, raised pediments, temple fronts, paired plasters

• Wren is learning about the Italian Renaissance

• The inside is very simple — feels light and airy inside, not dramatic or theatrical

• This church shows that something new is happening, areas with long gothic history, architecture is shifting

New facade of Old St. Paul’s Cathedral
Inigo Jones
London, England
1620-1640

Name
Architect
Location
Date

Blenheim Palace
John Vanbrugh and Nicholas Hawksmoor
Oxfordshire, England,
1695-1732

Name
Architect
Location
Date

Blenheim Palace - John Vanbrugh and Nicholas Hawksmoor

• Built for the Battle of Blenheim: English vs. French

  • English Won

• John Churchill got new title Duke of Marlboro and lots of money along with it

• Building comes out towards you, nod to France (Versaille)

• Baroque building because it displays power, and after winning a battle you want to show the power you have

• The scale of the building and gates overwhelm you

  • Lions sit atop of the gates

  • Lions are the symbol of england 

  • The lion is holding onto the chicken (symbol of French)

  • Symbol of English conquering the French

• English adapt the ideas of French baroque in the building

• The center of the palace is a Great Hall

  • Nod to English tradition

  • Exterior outline is symmetrical

Grand Tour

An 18th-century educational rite of passage where young European elite—primarily British aristocrats—traveled through France and Italy to study classical art, architecture, and culture.

Chiswick House
Richard Boyle
Chiswick, England
1715-1735

Name
Architect
Location
Date

Chiswick House - Richard Boyle

• Built by Richard Boyle (Lord Burlington)

• Wealthy enough to take three Grand Tours

• Had books of Vitruvis, Palladio, and Alberti

• Studied Palladio and compared Palladios books through viewing Palladios buildings

• Gentleman amateur

• Very similar to Palladio's work — temple front, cubic features, A-B-A format

• Resembles Andrea Palladio’s, Villa Rotonda

  • Vicenza, Italy, 1566-1571

• England sees this kind of architecture by relating to their politics

• Appendage of a larger house, party house

• Central plan shaped by geometry

• The back of the building is simpler than the front, with Palladian windows

• Gardens by William Kent, 1730s

• Triviums — controlled (like Baroque)

• Wilderness area with windy roads — picturesque landscape design, celebrates the individual experience

  • Garden Follies = playful discoveries (tourist stops)

    • The Cascade (Waterfall)

    • Inigo Jones Gateway from Beauford House, Chelsea, 1621 moved to Chiswick 1738

    • Obelisk and Ionic Temple (Italian Architecture)

  • Like souvenirs and reminders of things in the past

  • Allee = straight path flanked with trees

The Antiquities of Athens - James Stuart & Nicholas Revett (1762)

• Two architects went to Greece and draw what they saw

• Enlightenment thinkers value Greek architecture because it is seen as simplistic 

• Authors give people empirical evidence and facts about the buildings

• The Pantheon, reconstructed, from Stuart & Revett, The Antiquities of Athens, 1762

  • Allowed people to know the proportions and how to re-build Greek architecture

Temple of Theseus Folly
James Stuart
Worcestershire, England
1748-1768

Name
Architect
Location
Date

Park at Stourhead
Henry Filtcroft and Henry Hoare
Wiltshire, England
1734-1775

Name
Architect
Location
Date

Park at Stourhead - Henry Filtcroft and Henry Hoare

• Henry Hoare was a banker (wealthy but not a pope/monarch)

  • Follies represent his interests

• Picturesque (fit to be made into a picture) design — everything feels natural 

  • About personal experience

• Pantheon Folly

• You can join nature and experience it

• However, everything is designed and altered, so it is romanticized

• The visitor gets what THEY want

Picturesque Planning

Type of planning where eyes are constantly moving to places you are able to travel. Celebrate irregularities, looks uncontrolled, unbalance, looks like it has been changed over time

Baroque Planning

The type of planning that is very controlled — you are always thinking of the main character (monarch)(central control).

Stourhead
Colen Campbell
Wiltshire, England
1711-1735

Name
Architect
Location
Date

Gardens at Blenheim Palace
John Vanbrugh and Nicholas Hawksmoor
Oxfordshire, England
1695-1734.

Name
Architect
Location
Date

Essay on Architecture - Marc-Antoine Laugier

• Architecture should involve more critical thinking instead of blind imitation

• “Architecture owes all that is perfect to the Greeks” — Romans copied the Greeks

  • Columns - Pediments

• Criticizes Baroque and Mannerism styles for being too much

• Beauty arises from essentials

• “The Primitive Hut” — All you need is structure, ornament in architecture is unnecessary

  • Vertical support, inclined roofs

• All buildings should be tectonic

• Good buildings can exist without the orders

Church of Ste. Geneviève
Jacques-Germain Soufflot
Paris, France
1745-1802

Name
Architect
Location
Date

Church of Ste. Geneviève - Jacques-Germain Soufflot

• Combines architecture of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome

  • Much simpler than Baroque buildings

• Greek Cross Plan — characterized by columns inside the building, emphasizes how the building is held up

• Flying Buttresses used as support inside, but hidden to display honesty of Neoclassical architecture that the columns are supporting everything

  • Metal is also used to support the building

Royal Saltworks
Claude-Nicolas Ledoux
Arc-et-Senans, France
1763-1789

Name
Architect
Location
Date

Royal Saltworks - Claude-Nicolas Ledoux

• Salt factory — salt was important for various foods

• Why are architects interested in a salt factory?: Reformed to be efficient 

• France controlled by absolute monarch until 1789

• Directors building at the center of the plan, with dorms for workers on the outside

• Entrance is simple, massive doric greek columns with a thick entablature. Very simple walls, fort-like.

• Architecture Parlante — (literally speaking architecture) - when architecture explains its identify or function

• Director’s House — Massive building, columns alternate between round and squared styles

Ideal City of Chaux
Claude-Nicolas Ledoux
1770-1814

Name
Architect
Date

Ideal City of Chaux - Claude-Nicolas Ledoux

• Enlightenment thinking in Architecture

• Main building (directors house) in the center able to overlook everything that is going on

  • Panoptic — all-seeing

• Inclined to do better if you are always being watched

• Made to house workers

• If you’re living next to another person, you are less-likely to be messy and less productive

• Meant to respond to the needs of society

  • Every needs has to be considered

• Whatever your job is, your house will be shaped like it

  • Barrel workers house will be shaped like a barrel

Somerset House
William Chambers
London, England
1766-1806

Name
Architect
Location
Date

Somerset House - William Chambers

• Wanted new buildings to represent greatness

• Chambers was the head architect of England

• Classical architecture should ornament a city

• Courtyard in the middle allows light into all of the office buildings

Church of the Madeleine
Pierre Vignon
Paris, France
1796-1846

Name
Architect
Location
Date

Church of the Madeleine - Pierre Vignon

• Peripteral — building with a single row of columns on all sides

• Pseudoperipteral — building with a single row of columns on three sides but engaged columns on the back

Altes Museum
Karl Friedrich Schinkel
Berlin, Germany
1813-1838

Name
Architect
Location
Date

Altes Museum - Karl Friedrich Schinkel

• Germany is the root of art history as a field

• Ionic columns are holding up the entablature

• No precedent for art museum buildings so it does not have a pediment

• Not exclusive or elite, feels open

• In the plan, you can see what is holding up the building

• Thinking about Greece

• Architecture is being used to educate everyone inside of the building

  • Learning is important in society; no longer limited to the upper class

• First time exposed cast-iron was used in architecture (railing for stairs)

• Historicism: the reference to, or use, of historical styles or motifs in architecture

Acoma Pueblo
Albuquerque, New Mexico
1140-1160

Name
Location
Date

Acoma Pueblo

• Made of clay, smaller windows to let in less heat (responds to climate)

• Lower levels = storage area, higher level = during attacks they are allowed to take high ground

• Built on top of a mesa, mesa — isolated, flat-topped elevation with steep sides

• Response to materials, environmental conditions, and cultural traditions

• Adobe — dried brick made of earth mixed with straw and water

• The Spanish attacked the Acoma Pueblo in attempt to convert them to Christianity

Algonquin village
Pomeioc, present day North Carolina

Name
Location

Plan of Philadelphia
William Penn and Thomas Holme
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
1672-1692

Name
Architect
Location
Date

Plan of Philadelphia - William Penn and Thomas Holme

• Europeans thought they would use the American land better than the Native Americans

• William Penn got this land from Charles II to pay off a debt

• Orthogonal grid plan — city hall placed in the middle, and four other squares placed in the corners

  • The land was already inhabited by Native tribes but Europeans claimed it

John Whipple House,
Ipswich, Massachusetts,
1657-1677

Name
Location
Date

John Whipple House

• Contractors from 17th century American were trained in Europe

• Salt-box roof — Steep-pitched roof so rain and snow can fall off

• Window opens out to the side, instead of up and down

• Every pane of glass had to be imported (expensive), therefore, smaller windows

• Building out of wood (excess of trees in New England)

• Clapboard — long, thing, flat piece of wood, laid horizontally on walls as cladding - overlaps with others 

• Casement windows — hinged windows that swing out

• Central chimney

• Hall-parlor plan — rectangular, two-room configuration. One room is the “Hall” - one is the “parlor”

  • “Hall” — where activities took place

    • “Parlor” — more formal

• Resembles a Mayflower Cottage

  • Colne Engaine, England, c. 1620

MacPheadris–Warner House
Portsmouth, New Hampshire
1706-1726

Name
Location
Date

MacPheadris–Warner House

• Shows homage to Renaissance architecture now

• Balustrade, symmetrical, pediments, plasters

• Influenced by Roger Pratt, Coleshill House, Berkshire, England c.1680

Coleshill House
Roger Pratt
Berkshire, England
1650-1670

Name
Architect
Location
Date

Tuckahoe Plantation
Richmond, Virginia
1723-1743

Name
Location
Date

Tuckahoe Plantation

• Not many people wanted to stay in the south, wanted to make money and return to England

• These architectural buildings in the South were not meant to last

• But some people never ended up making enough money and needed to stay

• Pediments

• Chimneys are on the ends of the house, South is hotter so you don't want the center of the house to get hot

• House is raised on a higher foundation so the wood does not rot

• “H” shaped house (weird design)

• You can see that when you walk in you will be welcomed with a Hall

• No kitchen in the building — fear of house burning down, so it is built with brick and kept separate from the actual house

• The kitchen was run by indentured servants

• Slave Quarters — used to show how wealthy you were, more enslaved - more wealthy

  • Lived in small buildings that represented the taste of their owners

  • Comfort was not of concern

Monticello
Thomas Jefferson
Charlottesville, Virginia
1758-1819

Name
Architect
Location
Date

Monticello - Thomas Jefferson

• Jefferson loved Palladio, had access to Palladio's books

• Monticello was basically built as a villa

• Built of brick, lot of clay available

• First blueprint had A-B-A format with a temple front, very cubic and simple

• Influenced by Pierre Rousseau, Hotel de Salm, Paris, France, 1782-1787

  • Jefferson liked the idea of the dome

• From the plan of the house, as you go further back, you enter more private areas

• Jefferson is an Enlightenment thinker

  • Shows off Native American collectibles, sculptures of people he admired, and the clock he made

• Sash windows — windows that slide open and down

  • Triple sash window — three in a row, can all be pulled down to make a massive door

• Lined up doors and windows for access to breezes (important)

• Cryptoporticus — covered corridor or passageway (subterranean at Monticello)

• Does not want to be seen as someone who owns a lot of slaves

• Chimneys coming out of the balconies to show the smoke from kitchens while slaves are working

• Wants to cultivate the image of a gentleman, farmer, scholar .. not a slave owner

Virginia State Capitol
Thomas Jefferson
Richmond, Virginia
1775-1799

Name
Architect
Location
Date

Virginia State Capitol - Thomas Jefferson

• Jefferson only completed the middle portion of the capitol

• Jefferson thought he could improve American society by improving Architecture

• Jefferson copied the Maison Carrée, Nîmes, France, c.1-10 CE for 

  • Simplifies it — two columns instead of three on the side, no engaged columns on the side of the building

• One of the first temple fronted buildings in American

• He loved Roman architecture, and he wants to carve American republic after the Roman republic

Plan for the City of Washington
Pierre-Charles L’Enfant
Washington D.C.
1781-1801

Name
Architect
Location
Date

Plan for the City of Washington - Pierre-Charles L’Enfant

• Jefferson suggests an orthogonal grid, but Washington didn’t want that

• Uses triviums and long broad roads to connect monuments and major buildings (Baroque planning)

  • Capital building was on the highest point of land and was considered the most important building

Iron Bridge
Abraham Darby III and Thomas Pritchard
Coalbrookdale, England
1766-1789

Name
Architect
Location
Date

Iron Bridge - Abraham Darby III and Thomas Pritchard

• Cast-iron is good for compression - pushing down on elements

  • Limited when using it horizontally

• Instead of the bridge being straight across, it is slightly heightened with a rounded arches below for support - to mitigate the deficiencies of cast iron

• Expression of modern construction of the 1980s

• Identical pieces — architects had to only use a few molds, cheaper construction

• Shift from the solid aqueducts of Pont du Gard

St. Genevieve Library
Henri Labrouste
Paris, France
1828-1860

Name
Architect
Location
Date

St. Genevieve Library - Henri Labrouste

• Rectangular, bulky, horizontal, two-stories, smaller windows on first floor, bigger windows on second floor (reading is done on second floor; more light)

• Resembles a Roman Palazzo

• You can copy old ideas and make it into something new

• The decoration relates to the goals of the building

  • Exterior of the building has names on it; authors featured in the library

• The building tells us that metal is being used - more honest

• Industrial revolution makes cast-iron available and cheaper

  • Metal becomes part of the aesthetic

• Ecole planned building = plan of building is clear and logical - most important (you know where you are going)

• Cast-iron allows light to seethe through it, unlike blocky architecture that blocks like

  • Also less likely to burn

• Classical ideas: arch, column — but being realized in cast-iron

  • Used to go to great lengths to conceal iron, now it is on great display

Crystal Palace
Joseph Paxton
London, England
1840-1861

Name
Architect
Location
Date

Crystal Palace - Joseph Paxton

• Built of iron and glass; Britain can make these products in bulk

• Architects believed that this could be more of the work of engineers, not architects

• Ferrovitreous - ferro (iron) and vitreous (glass) construction

  • This combination is new; it is light and open - no one ever saw walls this open before

• Machine created: Sculptures, textiles, fountains were on display

  • Americans sent over engines

  • Hartford sent over guns

  • First useable exhibition of flushing toilets

• This building was meant to be temporary; built over a park and kept trees

• The building would become extremely hot

• New style of architecture

• The building was destroyed because the inside had caught fire

• The building was created in 6 months (18 acres) because everything was pre-fabricated and pre-made

• Tensile strength vs. compression strength

  • Cast-iron is very strong with compression

  • Cast-iron is very weak with tensile strength

  • Solution: Uses webs and circles to move the weight outward

Ferrovitreous

a building style combining iron (ferro) and glass (vitreous) enabled by industrial mass production

Great Conservatory
Charles Fowler
London, England
1812-1836

Name
Architect
Location
Date

Great Conservatory
Joseph Paxton
Derbyshire, England
1826-1851

Name
Architect
Location
Date

St. Pancras Station and Midland Hotel
George Gilbert Scott
London, England
1862-1876

Name
Architect
Location
Date

St. Pancras Station and Midland Hotel

• No precedent for how train stations should be designed

• Resembles a Gothic-arch - deflects the weight outwards

• Cast-iron and glass Gothic arch

• Midland Hotel is made out of brick and masonry construction

  • Gothic revival building

• Polychromy - many colors

• Everything is wrapped in a gothic skin

• People were not sure yet if they were ready to accept the new architectural aspects of the Industrial Revolution

• Glass and cast-iron train station hidden by a medieval gothic building

Renovations and Alterations to Paris
Georges-Eugène Haussmann
Paris, France
1844-1899

Name
Architect
Location
Date

Plan for the city of Paris - Georges-Eugène Haussmann

• Big broad roads trace back to landmarks (triviums) – Baroque planning

• Uses a lot of structural boulevards to connect monuments, provides easier access

• Adds parks, trees, sidewalks

• Government thought this layout would prevent uprising; people would want to live in this city

• Cities demolished whole blocks and buildings – this displaced people

  • Not only physical displacement, but social displacement as well

  • Took away old buildings that people would identify with

• Typical “Haussmannized” Buildings, Boulevard Haussmann

  • All structures should follow a typical format

  • Bottom structures were filled with shops; and upper levels were used as residential homes

    • Cast-iron balconies

  • The city created a new sewer system; cleaner

  • This city was characterized by parks and open spaces

• Camille Pissarro, Place du Theatre Francais: Rain effect, 1898

• Economic goals shape this plan → goals of raising taxes

Augustus Pugin, Contrasts

• His belief that architecture has decayed, and with it as well as taste

• 14th century and 19th century buildings on scale

  • 14th century weighs more, holds more value

  • Puts the name of the architects and their buildings on blast

• Gothic architecture is wavyer so it is better

• “Contrasted Residence for the Poor”

  • If you are poor in modern times you go to jail, if you are poor in ancient times you go to a monastery.

  • If you go to a monastery, you will be given fresh foods, education about faith; uplifting, charitable, good

  • If you go to a jail, you will be given scummy food, isolation; negativity

• “Catholic Town in 1440; The Same Town in 1840

  • Shift from religion in 1440 → to productivity in 1840

  • Tallest buildings are the churches in 1440 → in 1840 the tallest buildings are the factories

  • Front and center of the 1840 town is the prison; center of attention

  • Pugin prefers the 1440s where the only religious belief is Catholic; in 1840 there are many other religion Churches

  • “A healthy society makes good architecture”

  • Offers a lens of gothic revival

• “Contrasted College Gateways”

  • In 1840, the gateway blocks off education and restricts it for the wealthy

  • In 1440, the gateway is Gothic and open; education is welcomed

  • Neoclassical architects are using the Gothic style, but are hiding it within the structure (not being honest)

Houses of Parliament
Charles Barry and Augustus Pugin
London, England
1825 -1880

Name
Architect
Location
Date

Houses of Parliament - Charles Barry and Augustus Pugin

• Augustus Pugin was the expert in Gothic revival architecture — that's why he was chosen as the architect as this building

• J.M.W. Turner, The Burning of the Houses of Lords and Commons, 1835

• Two options: rebuild in neoclassical or build in Gothic

• Gothic revival would ease the loss of this original building

• Charles Barry had designed this building.

• The three tower buildings skew your perception of the building being symmetrical

• Pugin would not have been able to design this building as it was too large — but his historical knowledge prevails over most

• Westminster Hall survives and is incorporated into the building

John Ruskin, Seven Lamps of Architecture, 1849

• Medieval buildings are far better than modern buildings

• Lamp of Sacrifice = evidence of your devotion to God, your carving is your showing of obedience 

• It is okay to be comforted by past architecture; look at the past, think about the present, think about what is being lost over time.

• Factories are robbing people the ability for them to think for themselves

• Neoclassical = unnatural, unfruitful, unenjoyable; it removes all thought

John Ruskin, Stones of Venice, 1841-1863

• People build for themselves instead of God; society has gone to Hell

• People are relying on machines to construct buildings, not looking at the past

Red House
William Morris and Philip Webb
Bexleyheath, England
1849-1870

Name
Architect
Location
Date

Red House - William Morris and Philip Webb

• Resembles quaint cottages of the English countryside

• Not symmetrical; windows and roof line do not align

• It feels undesigned, but it was built all at one

• Gothic revival arch at the entrance

• 10 years after the Crystal palace, but looks nothing like it

• Openly reviving the past

Ruskinian Gothic

Uses color to call to attention to certain parts of structure, Gothic revival

Arts & Crafts Movement

• Movement that sparked a return to a handmade, craftmade form of architecture

• William Norris and Phillip Webb believe art and nature should be connected; wallpapers

• Norris insinuated that wallpapers are becoming too decorated and furniture is becoming more ornamented.

Strawberry Hill
Horace Walpole
Twickenham, England
1738-1786

Name
Architect
Location
Date

Tassel House
Victor Horta
Brussels, Belgium
1882-1903

Name
Architect
Location
Date

Tassel House - Victor Horta

• Uses cast-iron for decoration (floral, vegetation elements)

• Art Nouveau — “New Art”

• Uses tile for floor decorations, and hand-rails made of cast-iron shows designs

• Symbolized by whiplash lines, swirls on the floors and walls, impressive growing of floral elements (made of cast-iron), lots of movement 

Art Nouveau

A decorative, organic style inspired by natural forms, featuring sinuous curves, "whiplash" lines, and floral motifs

Designs for the Paris Métro
Hector Guimard
Paris, France
1890-1910

Name
Architect
Location
Date

Designs for the Paris Métro - Hector Guimard

• Worked with Horta, and became immediately influenced

• Very whiplash and wavy

• Feels both industrial and vegetal

• Uses the same cast-iron pieces, cheaper because only have to use the same couple molds

Central Park
Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux
New York City, New York,
1848-1868

Name
Architect
Location
Date

Central Park - Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux

• Competition for the design of Central Park

  • Big drawing

• Picturesque design — looks natural, windy paths, big pond in the middle

• Big lake in the middle — man-made, but made to look very natural

• Hard to tell what was naturally pre-existing and was was made

• Calvert Vaux was from England and was trained in England, Olmstead was born in Hartford but went to England

• This picturesque design was created as a push-back to preserve nature 

• You enter Central Park diagonally — escape the city as quickly as possible

• The Terrace — most formal architectural aspect of this plan

  • Makes you aware of the natural parts of the rest of the park

• Park was meant to be the lungs of the city, breathe fresh air surrounded by nature

• Follies were placed all around Central Park — bridges, little structures

• Ramble Arch — Half natural and half man-made

• 79th Street Transverse — Street that goes below the park

  • If you are in the park, you are not intruded by the sounds of cars and traffic

• Create a naturally-felt space within a fast growing city — will enrich New York’s inhabitants

• Seneca Village, 1825-1857

  • There was community in New York City, taken away from them