semi finals - communicable disease

is an illness caused by an infectious agent or its toxic products that are transmitted directly or indirectly from one person to another through an agency vector or inanimate object'

Communicable disease

disease that is easily transmitted from one person to another through direct or indirect contact

contagious disease

disease that is transmitted not only by direct contact but requires direct inoculation of the organism through a break on the skin /mucous membrane

infectious disease

is a condition caused by the entry and multiplication of pathogenic microorganisms within the host resulting to signs and symptoms as well as immunologic response.

infection

it is an invasion of organisms (bacteria, helminths, fungi, parasite, and prion)

infection

Destruction of pathogenic organism outside the body by directly applying physical and chemical means

disinfection

types of disinfection

concurrent, terminal, prophylactic

done immediately after individual discharges infectious material or secretions

concurrent disinfection

disinfection used where patient is still the source of infection

concurrent disinfection

applied when patient is no longer the source of infection

terminal disinfection

preventive measures to prevent the spread of infections

prophylactic disinfections

disease that occurs occasionally and irregularly with no specific pattern

sporadic disease

constantly present in a population, country or community

endemic disease

patient acquire the disease in a relatively short period of time'; greater than normal of cases in an area within short period of time

epidemic

disease that occurs worldwide

pandemic disease

classification of disease based on occurence

sporadic, endemic, epidemic, pandemic

develops rapidly ( rapid onset) but asts only short of time

acute disease

develops more slowly (insidious onset) disease likely to be continual or recurrent for long periods

chronic disease

intermediate between acute and chronic disease

subacute disease

causative agent remains inactive for a time but then becomes active to produce symptoms of the disease

latent disease

classification of disease based on severity/ duration of disease

acute, subacute, chronic, latent

Microbes invade a relatively small area of the body

local infection

spread thorughout the body by blood or lymph

generalized (systemic) infection

local infection that spread but are confined to specific areas of the body

focal infection

classfication based on extent of affected hsot body

local infection, generalized infection, focal infection

acute infection that causes the initial illness

primary infection

one caued by an opportunistic pathogen after primary infection has weakened the body’s defenses

secondary infection

does not cause any noticeable infection

subclinical (inapparent infection)

classification of state of host resistance

primary infection, secondary infection, subclinical /inapparent infection

time interval between the initial infection and the 1st appearance of any signs and symptoms'; patient is not yet aware of the disease

incubation period

early, mild appearance of symptoms of the disease

prodromal period

time of greatest symptomatic experience (pt. is sick), overt signs n symptoms of disease, WBC may increase or decrease, can result to death if immune response or medical intervention fails

period of illness

signs n symptoms subside, pathogen replication is brough under control, vulnerable to secondary infection

period of decline

replicaiton of pathogenic is stopped, regains strength and the body returns to its pre diseased stat recovery has occured

period of convalescence

Stages of disease

incubation period, prodomal period, period of illness, period of decline, period of convalescence

capable of transmitting pathogens during the incubation period

incubation carrier

transmit disease during convalescence or recovery period

convalescence carrier

completely recovered from disease but continue to harbor pathogen indefinitely

active carrier

carry pathogen without ever having the disease

passive carrier

types of carrier

incubation carrier, convalescence carrier, active carrier, passive carrier

ability to cause disease

pathogenicity

sufficient number of microorganisms needed to initiate infection

infective dose

disease severity

virulence

ability to enter and move through tissue

invasiveness of microorganisms

conditions that affect infection development

• pathogenicity

• virulence and invasiveness of

• microorganisms

• infective dose

• organisms specificity

• resistance of host

• immunity of host 

infection control: 1st line of defense n most important practice preventing infection.

hand hygiene

single most important way of preventing transfer of microorganisms

hand washing

condition of being secure against any particular disease, particularly the power which a living organisms possesses to resist and overcome infection

immunity

the resistance that and individual has against disease

immunity

protection against infective or allergic diseases by a system of antibodies, immunoglobins and related resistance factors

immune system

specific immune substance produced by the lymphocytes of the blood and tissue juices of man or animal in response to the introduction into the body of an antigen

antibody

triggering agent of the immune system

antigen

foreign substance introduced into the body causing to produce antibodies

antigen

types of antigen

inactivated (killed organism), attenuated (live weakened organism)

an antigen, not long-lasting, multiple doses needed, booster dose needed

inactivated

single dose needed, long lasting immunity

attenuated

types of immunity

natural, acquired

innate; within the host immune system immunity

natural

outside the host immunity

acquired

2 types of acquired immunity

natural, artificial

through exposure or diseases; had the disease & recovered

natural active

maternal antibodies; acquired through placental transfer

natural passive

introduction of antigen = gives long immunity- months to years

artificial active

introduction of antibodies = gives short immunity- 3-4 weeks

artificial passive

is the induction of introduction of specific protective antibodies in a susceptible person or animal, or the production of cellular immunity in such a person or animal

immunization