Chemistry Investigation 13

Hydronium Ion

H3O+; the positive ion formed when a water molecule gains a hydrogen ion

Conjugate Acid

The ion/molecule formed when a base gains a hydrogen ion

Conjugate Base

The ion/molecule that remains after an acid donates a hydrogen ion

Conjugate Acid-Base Pair

consists of two ions/molecules related by the loss/gain of one hydrogen ion

Lewis Base

A substance that donates a pair of electrons to form a covalent bond

Lewis Acid

a substance that accepts a pair of electrons to form a covalent bond

Neutral Solution

any aqueous solution in which [H+] and [OH-] are equal

Ion-Product Constant for Water

the product of the hydronium-ion concentration and the hydroxide-ion concentration

Arrhenius Model of Acids and Bases

Acids are compounds that dissociate and form hydrogen cations, H+, in an aqueous solution

Bronsted-Lowry Model of Acids and Bases

An acid is a hydrogen-ion donor, and a base is a hydrogen-ion acceptor

Lewis Model of Acids and Bases

Acids and bases donate and accept electron pairs

Characteristics of an Acid

Tart or sour

Characteristics of a Base

Bitter taste; slippery

Examples of Acids

lemon juice, vinegar

Examples of Bases

baking soda, milk, ammonia

Strong Acid

an acid that completely ionizes in aqueous solution to form HYDRONIUM ions

Strong Base

a base that completely ionizes in solution to produce HYDROXIDE ions

Neutralization Reaction

a reaction in which an acid and a base react in an aqueous solution to produce a salt and water

Formula for Neutralization Reaction

acid + base -> salt + water

Buffer

a solution in which pH remains relatively constant when small amounts of acid/base are added

What does the pH scale measure?

The strength of acids and bases

What pH value is considered neutral?

7

Why might vinegar be used as a cleaner?

The acidic cleaner is effective against mineral deposits

How does neutralization occur between an acid and a base?

When they are combined, the produce a water and salt and balance the properties of both substances

What are some practical uses of a base in everyday life?

Cooking, cleaning, and healthcare

Why is it important to understand the pH of soil in gardening?

The pH of soil is critical for plant health for some plants prefer acidic soil

Explain why acids and bases are both useful and potentially harmful?

Useful for- gardening, cooking, and cleaning

Harmful- can develop into strong acids/bases and can cause harm if not handled properly