Behaviorism and Learning Theories

Classical conditioning

A learning process in which a previously neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response

Operant conditioning

A learning process in which behavior is strengthened or weakened by its consequences

Positive reinforcement

The addition of a stimulus following a behavior that increases the likelihood of that behavior recurring

Negative reinforcement

The removal of an aversive stimulus following a behavior that increases the likelihood of that behavior recurring 

Positive punishment

The addition of an aversive stimulus following a behavior that decreases the likelihood of that behavior recurring

Negative punishment

The removal of a desirable stimulus following a behavior that decreases the likelihood of that behavior recurring

Observational learning

Learning that occurs through observing the behavior of others, the consequences of that behavior, and then imitating or avoiding that behavior

Spontaneous recovery

The reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned response after a rest period

What is a schedule of reinforcement?

A rule specifying how often and under what conditions a behavior will be reinforced

Who is B. F. Skinner and why is he important?

Skinner was a major behaviorist who developed the operant chamber (Skinner box) and articulated the theory of operant conditioning, emphasizing reinforcement and punishment