AP Euro

Little Ice Age

(Ch. 1) A period of colder and wetter weather beginning in the 14th century. Led to poor harvests, famine, and other issues.

Black Death

(Ch. 1) Plague outbreak beginning in 1347. Killed 1/3 of Europe.

Flagellants

(Ch. 1) People who thought the plagues was a divine Punishment and whipped themselves because of it.

Hundred Year’s War

(Ch. 1) War between England and France from 1337 to 1453.

Representative Assemblies

(Ch. 1) Deliberative meetings of Lords and wealthy urban residents that flourished in Europe between 1250 and 1400

Babylonian Captivity

(Ch. 1) The period from 1309 to 1376 when the popes were stuck in France.

Great Schism

(Ch. 1) The division in church leadership between 1378 and 1417 when there were multiple popes.

Conciliarists

(Ch. 1) Those who believed papal authority should not rest in the pope alone

Confraternities

(Ch. 1) Voluntary lay groups organized by occupation, devotional preference, neighborhood, or charitable activity.

Jacquerie

(Ch. 1) A massive uprising by French peasants in 1358 against heavy taxation.

English Peasants’ Revolt

(Ch. 1) Revolt in 1381 due to changing economic conditions

Statute of Kilkenny

(Ch. 1) Law issued in 1366 that discriminated against the Irish, forbidding Irish/English marriages, requiring the use of the English Language, and denying the Irish access to ecclesiastical offices

Renaissance

(Ch. 2) A French word meaning “rebirth”, used to describe the rebirth of classical antiquity initially in Italy in the 14th to 16th centuries.

Patronage

(Ch. 2) Financial support for writers and artists by wealthy cities and individuals. Often to produce specific works or styles of work.

Commercial Revolution

(Ch. 2) The transformation of the European economy as a result of changes in business procedures and growth of trade.

Communes

(Ch. 2) Sworn associations of free men led by merchant guilds in Italian cities.

Signori

(Ch. 2) Government run by one-man rule in Italian city states, also used to refer to these rulers.

Courts

(Ch. 2) Magnificent households and palaces where signori and other rulers lived, conducted business, and supported the arts.

Humanism

(Ch. 2) A program of study designed by Italians that emphasized the critical study of Latin and Greek literature with a goal of understanding human nature.

Virtù

(Ch. 2) The quality of being able to shape the world according to one’s will.

Christian Humanists

(Ch. 2) Northern humanists who interpreted Italian ideas about classical antiquity and humanism in terms of their religious traditions.

Debated about Women

(Ch. 2) The debate among writers and thinkers about the proper role of women in society.

New Christians

(Ch. 2) Jews and Muslims of the Iberian Peninsula forced to convert to Christianity. Some converted many centuries before the reconquista.

Conquistadors

(Ch. 3) Spanish conquerors who sought new peoples and territories in the New World.

Caravel

(Ch. 3) A small, maneuverable ship deployed by the Portuguese in the 15th century. Made them good at exploration and trade.

Ptolemy’s Geography

(Ch. 3) A 2nd Century work that synthesized classical knowledge of geography rediscovered in the 1400s. It introduced longitude and latitude to Europe, but had a few key errors.

Treaty of Tordesillas

(Ch. 3) A 1494 treaty that settled competing claims to the Americas between the Spanish and Portuguese. Why Brazil is Portuguese.

Aztec Empire

(Ch. 3) A large Native American empire in modern Mexico and Central America.

Inca Empire

(Ch. 3) A vast Peruvian empire centered around the city of Cuzco that peaked from 1438 to 1533.

Viceroyalties

(Ch. 3) The name for the four administrative regions of Spanish America: New Spain, Peru, New Granada, and La Plata.

Encomienda System

(Ch. 3) A system where the Spanish Crown granted land and enslaved native labor to conquistadores.

Columbian Exchange

(Ch. 3) The exchange of diseases, ideas, animals, people, and plants between the Old and New Worlds.

Anticlericalism

(Ch. 4) Opposition to the clergy.

Indulgence

(Ch. 4) A get out of purgatory free card sold by the church. Their sale financed St. Peter’s Basilica.

Protestant

(Ch. 4) Name originally given to followers of Luther that came to include everyone who branched off from the Catholic Church

Spanish Armada

(Ch. 4) A failed military endeavor by Philip II of Spain against England and their protestantism.

The Institutes of Christian Religion

(Ch. 4) Calvins formulation for Christian doctrine, which became a systematic theology for Protestantism

Predestination

(Ch. 4) The idea that God has determined the salvation or damnation of individuals in advance, not based on their merit or works.

Holy Office

(Ch. 4) The official Roman Catholic agency founded in 1542 to combat heresy

Jesuits

(Ch. 4) Members of the Society of Jesus, who wanted to spread the Catholic faith.

Huguenots

(Ch. 4) French Calvinists

Politiques

(Ch. 4) Catholic and Protestant moderates who held that only a strong monarchy could save France

Edict of Nantes

(Ch. 4) A document issued by Henry IV of France that gave Huguenots limited freedoms.

Union of Utrecht

(Ch. 4) The alliance of seven northern provinces that declared their independence from Spain and became the Netherlands.

Peace of Westphalia

(Ch. 5) The treaty that ended the Thirty Years’ War in 1648

Fiscal-Military State

(Ch. 5) Centralized bureaucratic states that emerged in the 17th century and harnessed domestic resources for large armies

Baroque Style

(Ch. 5) A style of art and music from 1650 to 1750 that prioritized drama and emotion. Prominent during the Catholic Counter-Reformation

The Fronde

(Ch. 5) A series of uprisings during Louis XIV’s reign over increased royal control and taxation

Peace of Utrecht

(Ch. 5) A series of treaties from 1713 to 1715 that ended the Spanish war of succession, ended French expansion, and marked the rise of the British Empire

Mercantilism

(Ch. 5) An economic system that believed trade was a zero sum game focused on increasing the power of the state.

Junkers

(Ch. 5) Nobility of Brandenburg and Prussia who were reluctant allies of Fredrick William in his consolidation of the Prussian state

Boyars

(Ch. 5) The highest ranking members of Russian nobility

Cossacks

(Ch. 5) Free groups and outlaw armies originally comprised of runaway peasants on the borders of Russia from the 14th century onward. By the end of the 16th century, they’d formed an alliance with the Russian state.

Sultan

(Ch. 5) The ruler of the Ottoman Empire

Janissary Corps

(Ch. 5) The core of the sultan’s army. Enslaved conscripts from the non-muslim parts of the empire. A volunteer force after 1683.

Millet System

(Ch. 5) A system of internal division used by the ottomans based on religion. Each millet had some degree of self-government.

Constitutionalism

(Ch. 5) A form of government where power is limited by law.

Republicanism

(Ch. 5) A form of government in which there is no monarch and power rests in the hands of the people through elected representatives

Puritans

(Ch. 5) Members of a 16th and 17th century reform movement in the Church of England that advocated for purifying it of Catholic elements.

Protectorate

(Ch. 5) English military dictatorship established by Oliver Cromwell.

Test Act

(Ch. 5) Legislation passed by English parliament in 1673 to secure the position of the Anglican Church.

Stadholder

(Ch. 5) The executive office in each of the provinces of the Netherlands, oft held by the Princes of Orange.

Natural Philosophy

(Ch. 6) An early modern term for the study of the universe, now called science.

Copernican Hypothesis

(Ch. 6) Heliocentrism

Law of Inertia

(Ch. 6) First of Newton’s three laws of motion first theorized by Galileo, states that motion, not rest is the natural state of an object, unless an outside force acts against it.

Law of Universal Gravitation

(Ch. 6) Newton’s law that all objects are attracted to one another proportionally to the mass of the object and inversely proportional to the distance squared.

Cartesian Dualsim

(Ch. 6) The idea that all things could be reduced to mind or matter.

Enlightenment

(Ch. 6) The intellectual and cultural movement of the late 17th and 18th centuries that introduced a new worldview of reason, the scientific method, and progress

Rationalism

(Ch. 6) A secular way of thinking where only things that could be proven were believed

Sensationalism

(Ch. 6) The idea that all human thoughts are based on sensory impulses.

Philosophes

(Ch. 6) French intellectuals who proclaimed that they were bringing the light of knowledge to their fellow humans.

Deism

(Ch. 6) The belief in a distant, non-interventionist deity.

Salon

(Ch. 6) Regular gatherings held by rich Parisians in their homes where philosophy, science, and literature were discussed.

Rococo

(Ch. 6) A style of art and architecture in the 18th century. Focused on pleasure and sensuality

Public Sphere

(Ch. 6) An intellectual space that emerged during the enlightenment where the public came together to discuss important issues

Enlightened Absolutism

(Ch. 6) Term for the rule of 18th century monarchs who, without renouncing their authority, adopted Enlightenment ideals or rationalism, progress, and tolerance.

Cameralism

(Ch. 6) The view that monarchy was the best style of government and that the state should use its resources to increase the public good.

Haskalah

(Ch. 6) The Jewish Enlightenment in the second half of the 18th century led by Moses Mendelssohn

Enclosure

(Ch. 7) The movement to fence in fields for private land and increased farming effectivity. Screwed over poor peasants.

Proletarianization

(Ch. 7) The transformation of a large number of small farmers into landless rural wage-earners

Cottage Industry

(Ch. 7) A stage of industrial development in which rural workers used tools in their homes to manufacture goods on a large scale for the market

Putting-Out System

(Ch. 7) An 18th century system of rural industry in which merchants loaned raw materials to cottage workers, who processed and returned them.

Industrious Revolution

(Ch. 7) The shift from producing goods for household consumption to earning wages, reducing self-sufficiency.

Guild System

(Ch. 7) The organization of artisanal production into trade based associations, which held a monopoly over their trade.

Economic Liberalism

(Ch. 7) A belief in free trade and competition based on Adam Smith’s argument that the invisible hand of free competition would benefit all individuals.

Navigation Acts

(Ch. 7) A series of English laws that controlled the import of goods to Britain and British colonies.

Treaty of Paris

(Ch. 7) Treaty that ended the Seven Years’ War in British favor.

Debt Peonage

(Ch. 7) A form of serfdom that allowed a planter to keep workers in perpetual debt bondage.

Transatlantic Slave Trade

(Ch. 7) The forced migration of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic.

Community Controls

(Ch. 8) A pattern of cooperation and communal action in a traditional village to uphold economic, social, and moral stability.

Charivari

(Ch. 8) Degrading public rituals to police behavior and enforce moral standards.

Illegitimacy Explosion

(Ch. 8) The sharp increase in out-of-wedlock births between 1750 and 1850.

Wet-nursing

(Ch. 8) The business of women paid to breast-feed other’s babies.

Bloodsports

(Ch. 8) Events such as bullfighting and cockfighting popular in the 18th century.

Carnival

(Ch. 8) The days of revelry before Lent

Just Price

(Ch. 8) The idea that prices should be fair, protecting both consumers and producers, and that they should be imposed by government decree if necessary

Consumer Revolution

(Ch. 8) The wide-ranging growth in consumption and new attitudes towards consumer goods that emerged in the Northwest in the second half of the 18th century.

Pietism

(Ch. 8) A protestant revival movement in the early 18th century Germany and Scandinavia.

Methodists

(Ch. 8) Members of a Protestant revival movement started by John Wesley.

Janeseism

(Ch. 8) A sect of Catholicism originating with Cornelius Jansen that emphasized original sin and predestination. Outlawed as heresy.