AP Euro: Semester 1 Review

Semester 1 Review

What does the word Renaissance mean?

Rebirth

What two ancient civilizations inspired the artistic and literary developments of the Renaissance?

Greeks and Romans

In what country or region did the Renaissance begin?

Italy

Which Italian city-state is considered the birthplace of the Renaissance?

Florence

In the beginning of the Renaissance, which social class in the Italian city-states had the biggest impact on the development of the Renaissance?

The elite (wealthy upper-class)

What were the four major cultural values of the Renaissance?

Humanism: an intellectual movement based on the study of the Classical literary works of Greece and Rome

Innovation: brought about things like the printing press, advancements that allowed fast spread of information

Individualism: emphasis on and interest in the unique traits of each person

Secularism: the process of becoming more concerned with material, worldly, temporal things and less with spiritual and religious things; a characteristic of the Italian Renaissance

Which family dominated the banking industry in Florence during the early Renaissance and patronized the artists in Florence?

Medici

What is civic humanism?

An intellectual movement of the Italian Renaissance that held that humanists should be involved in government and use their rhetorical training in the service of the state

What Roman author inspired the civic humanists?

Cicero

What did the liberal education of the Renaissance focus on the development of?

Stressed the importance of liberal studies as the key to true freedom, enabling individuals to reach their full potential

What subjects did people study for this liberal education?

History, moral philosophy, eloquence (rhetoric), letters (grammar and logic), poetry, mathematics, astronomy, music

What was the invention of Johannes Gutenberg?

The printing press

What was the first book printed using the Gutenberg printing press/moveable type?

The Bible

What was a Renaissance man?

A person with many talents or areas of knowledge

What advice did Machiavelli give to European rulers in his book, The Prince?

That a ruler should not behave based on Christian principles, the end justifies the means

Consider the phrase "by any means necessary".

You have to do whatever it takes

Consider the phrase "the end justifies the means".

Whatever you have to do to achieve your goal

Work of Ghiberti:

The Sacrifice of Isaac (panel), the doors of Florentine baptistry

Work of Masaccio:

The Expulsion, the Tribute Money

Work of Donatello:

The David

Work of Leonardo da Vinci:

The Vitruvian Man, the Last Supper, the Battle of Anghiari

Work of Michelangelo:

The Pietas, the David, the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, the Last Supper

Renaissance artistic judgement:

What is the technique of perspective in painting?

What is the technique of perspective in painting?

The ability to see three dimensionally

What were perceived as problems of the Roman Catholic Church during the 16th and 17th centuries?

Corruption, the divorce of King Henry VIII

According to the RCC, how did a person achieve salvation?

Good faith and good works (veneration of relics, confession, and indulgences)

According to the RCC, did people have free will?

Yes

How could people make up for their mistakes?

Indulgences and reconciliation

According to the RCC, who was in charge of salvation?

The Pope

According to the RCC, who could interpret the Bible?

The Church

According to the RCC, was the hierarchy necessary?

Yes

According to the RCC, what was the role of the pope?

Complete head of the Catholic Church

How many sacraments did the RCC believe were necessary?

Seven: baptism, first communion, confession, marriage, eucharist, holy orders, anointing of the sick

Where was Martin Luther from?

Germany

What was the occupation of Luther?

Professor

What was the first major criticism of the RCC for Martin Luther?

Papacy

Why did Luther criticize the role of good works in achieving salvation?

Thought that one could never do enough good works to achieve salvation

According to Luther, how did a person achieve salvation?

Could be saved through faith in the promises of God, made possible by the sacrifice of Jesus on the cross

According to Luther, who was in charge of salvation?

God

According to Luther, who could interpret the Bible?

Everyone

For Luther, what is meant by the "priesthood of all believers"?

Anybody can be priests

According to Luther, should the church have power over secular rulers (kings) or should secular kings?

The church should not have power over them, they should follow the church

What was the 95 Theses written by Martin Luther?

A list of propositions to reform and that contested the church and its use of indulgences

Why is the posting of the 95 Theses considered the opening event of the Reformation?

It was the first document openly displaying defiance against the church

What was Luther criticizing in the 95 Theses?

The church and its preachers taking advantage of its people such as the use of indulgences

How did the printing press affect the spread of the ideas in the 95 Theses?

Created more copies of the ideas, making them easily acceptable

What happened to Luther as a result of the Edict of Worms?

Emperor Charles V declared no one can defend or associate with Martin Luther

In which region did the Protestant Reformation begin with the posting of Luther's 95 Theses?

Wittenberg, Holy Roman Empire

What was Luther's view towards secular power?

Doesn't believe the church should be in charge of politics and religion

What was Luther's view towards the revolt of the German peasants? Why?

He reacted quickly and vehemently against them because he knew that it was important to have full support of the German princes and magistrates

What were the Schmalkaldic Wars and what caused the Schmalkaldic Wars?

Protestant German princes supported by France, Charles said there wouldn't be any Protestants in the Holy Roman Empire

Where were the Schmalkaldic Wars fought?

In Germany in the Holy Roman Empire

What was stated in the Peace of Augsburg?

Temporary settlement within the Holy Roman Empire, each prince was to determine whether Lutheranism or Roman Catholicism was to prevail in his lands

What were the beliefs of the Anabaptists with regards to religion?

Remove anything not regarding religion, wanted to separate themselves from people and things that could lead to eternal damnation

Why did a religious reform occur in England under Henry VIII?

Rapid changes in doctrine and liturgy aroused much opposition

What was the Act of Supremacy?

In Britain where they declared that the supreme head of the Church of England was the king, which was Henry

Who did the Act of Supremacy give religious authority to?

The king (Henry VIII)

Who did the Act of Supremacy take religious authority from?

The Pope

Religiously, how would Elizabeth I be described?

Tolerant

Who was John Calvin?

A systematic theologian and organizer of the Protestant movement

What is predestination?

The belief, associated with Calvinism, that God, as a consequence of his foreknowledge of all events, has predetermined those who will be saved (the elect) and those who will be damned

What indicated that a follower of Calvin was predestined for heaven?

An open profession of faith, a "decent and godly life", and participation in the sacraments of baptism and communion

What city became a model religious community under the leadership of John Calvin?

Geneva

What regions of Europe became Protestant?

Parts of Germany, Scandinavia, Switzerland, France, the Netherlands, and eastern Europe

What regions of Europe remained Catholic?

Portugal, Spain, majority of France, papal states, Hungary, Poland, Prussia

Who was the founder of the Jesuits?

Ignatius of Loyola

What were the goals of the Jesuits and how did they intend to combat the spread of Protestantism?

Goal was the commitment of the Christian to active service under Jesus's banner in the Church of Christ; intended to combat the spread by the thorough education of young people

What was the Index of Forbidden Books of the Roman Catholic Church?

A list of books that Catholics were not allowed to read

What was decided upon by the Roman Catholic Church at the Council of Trent?

Affirmed Scripture and tradition as equal authorities in religious matters, only the church could interpret Scripture, both faith and good works to be necessary for salvation and uphold the seven sacraments, the Catholic doctrine of transubstantiation, and clerical celibacy, affirmed the belief in purgatory and in the efficacy of indulgences, established theological seminaries in every diocese for the training of priests

What was the Inquisition and what was the purpose of the Inquisition?

Holy Office, to ferret out doctrinal errors

What was stated with the Edict of Nantes?

Acknowledged Catholicism as the official religion of France but guaranteed the Huguenots the right to worship in selected places in every district and allowed them to retain a number of fortified towns for their protection

Who was the hyper-Catholic ruler of Spain that is associated with militant Catholicism?

King Philip II

What nation defeated the Spanish Armada and started the decline of the Spanish Empire?

England

What territory broke free from Spanish control due to the resistance of William of Orange?

Dutch Republic

What were considered to be the primary motivators for European exploration?

Gold, Glory, God

Which country had a monopoly on the Asian spice trade that prompted other countries to go out and explore?

Dutch Republic

Which European country was the first to explore for alternative trade routes to Asia?

Portugal

Around what continent did Portugal first explore?

Africa

Who created a navigation school in Portugal to sponsor exploration?

Prince Henry the Navigator

What was the Treaty of Tordesillas?

Divided up the newly discovered world into separate Portuguese and Spanish spheres of influence, and it turned out that most of South America fell within the Spanish sphere

Who is given credit for first circumnavigating the world?

Ferdinand Magellan

What disease had the greatest impact on the Native American populations after the arrival of the Europeans?

Smallpox

Who were the conquistadors?

Leaders in the Spanish conquests in the Americas, especially Mexico and Peru, in the 16th century

What country did the conquistadors explore for?

Spain

Who did the conquistadors conquer in South America?

The Inca Empire

Why were Africans used as slave labor in the Americas and the Caribbean?

Africans were already exposed to european diseases, didn't have good enough means to defend themselves, and europeans were already in Africa so they would just need to take Africans back with them

What were the effects of the African slave trade on Africa and the African populations?

Population declined a lot

What city became the financial center of Europe as trade shifted from the Mediterranean Sea to the Atlantic Ocean?

Amsterdam

What was the Columbian Exchange?

The reciprocal importation and exportation of plants and animals between Europe and the Americas

What were the major items and diseases that moved from Europe and Africa to the Americas?

Smallpox, influenza, livestock, grains, coffee beans, turnips

What were the major items and diseases that moved from the Americas to Europe and Africa?

Pumpkins, tobacco, cacao, sweet potatoes, turkeys

What regions made up the Atlantic World?

Africa, Europe, South America, North America

What was the Middle Passage and what cargo traveled on the Middle Passage?

The stage of the triangular trade in which millions of Africans were shipped to the New World as part of the Atlantic slave trade

What were the characteristics of the economic philosophy of mercantilism?

Some sort of colony, source of raw materials, build infrastructure (roads and bridges) to get to ships, put tariffs on things coming into the country because you always want to export more than import

What were some of the major discoveries of the Europeans during the Age of Exploration?

New land and people, learned more about the earth, discovered new products

What was the cause of the Thirty Years War?

Habsburgs controlled and put limits on Calvinists which caused a rebellion

Where was the Thirty Years War mostly fought?

Holy Roman Empire

What resulted from the Thirty Years War and the Treaty of Westphalia?

The division of Germany into many territories. This limited the power of the Holy Roman Empire and decentralized German power. The Thirty Years War rearranged the European power structure

What is the theory of absolutism?

Known as the "divine right of kings" theory, asserted that kings derived their authority from God

What is the theory of divine right?

The idea that a ruler gets the right to rule from God