5th year Biology- Cell division

Cell continuity

All cells develop from pre-existing cells in order to grow and survive from one generation to the next.

Chromosome

a threadlike structure of DNA and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes.

DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid. A complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes.

Chromatin

In non-dividing cells the chromosomes are not seen individually, they become a cluster of long thin threads. The complex of DNA and proteins that makes up a chromosome.

Gene

A segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific trait/ protein. The unit of inheritance.

Genome

The complete instructions for making an organism, consisting of all the genetic material in that organism's chromosomes.

Haploid

An organism or cell having only one complete set of chromosomes / having a single set of unpaired chromosomes. n. Egg and sperm cells.

Diploid

An organism or cell having two sets of chromosomes, one from each parent. 2n. Somatic cells. Cell has two of each type of chromosome.

Homologous pair

a pair of chromosomes, one from each parent, that have similar structures and sequence of genes. 23 pairs of human chromosomes.

The maternal and paternal copies of a chromosome.

Cell Cycle

The series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide.

IPMAT= I Party Monday and tuesday

Interphase

The resting period of the cell cycle between cell divisions when the cell grows, performs its normal functions, and prepares for division.

Mitosis

Cell's division (PMAT) of the nucleus. Final product is 2 cells that are exactly like the parent cell.

Prophase ( P for Party)

First and longest phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes become visible and the centrioles separate and take up positions on the opposite sides of the nucleus, nuclear envelop dissolves, spindle forms

Metaphase (M for Monday)

The second phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell, attached to the spindle fibers.

Anaphase ( A for And)

The third phase of mitosis, during which the chromosome pairs separate and move toward opposite poles.

Telophase ( T for Tueday)

Forth and final phase of mitosis during which chromosomes uncoil, a nuclear envelope forms around the chromatin, and a nucleolus becomes visible in each of the 2 daughter cells.

Asexual reproduction

A reproductive process that involves only one parent and produces offspring that are identical to the parent.

Cancer

A disease in which some body cells grow and divide uncontrollably, damaging the parts of the body around them. (malignant growth or tumor)

Benign tumour

A non-cancerous tumour that does not affect surrounding tissues other than by physically crowding them.

Malignant tumour

A cancerous tumour that interferes with the functioning of surrounding cells.

Oncogene

Cancer-causing genes that are formed due to mutations.

Carcinogen

A cancer-causing substance

Meiosis

A type of cell division that results in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell, as in the production of gametes and plant spores.

Allows for sexual reproduction and the production of variations among organisms due to new gene combinations.

Gamete

sex cell

a haploid male or female sex cell that is able to unite with another of the opposite sex in sexual reproduction to form a zygote.

Centromere

Region of a chromosome where the two sister chromatids attach to each other and to a spindle fiber during cell division.

Nucleolus

Area inside the nucleus that produces ribosomes.

Cytokinesis

Division of the cytoplasm during cell division

Clevage furrow

the division in animal cell cytoplasm caused by the pinching in of the cell membrane

Plant Cell Plate

Vesicles containing cellulose form the new cell wall across the midline of a dividing plant cell,

Middle lamella

The thin film between the cell walls of adjacent plant cells.

Classification

The process of grouping things based on their similarities

Taxonomy

The scientific study of how living things are classified

Species

A group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring.

Characteristics

A distinguishing feature, trait or quality. Formed by interaction of genes and environment.

Gene expression

Conversion of the information encoded in a gene first into messenger RNA and then to a protein.

Histone

protein that organizes chromosomes and around which DNA wraps

Non-coding DNA

That part of the chromosome which does not carry the information to make a protein, junk DNA.