Philosophy 2nd Quarter

Replica

Replica

Claims when a person dies a ‘replica’ is created somewhere else in ‘Different space’. The replica is in all respects the same as you- exactly similar.

Rational/Logical Arguments

If we agree with the likes of Descartes (“I think therefore I am”), then we know that our internal thinking self-constitutes what is ‘really us’, rather than our physical bodies. Thought is beyond our physical existence.

Revelation/Authority

Some regard life after death as a certainty based on religious texts, faith, and teachings. Christians may see the authority of the New Testament as guaranteeing the resurrection of Jesus, for instance. Others may see a weight of historical evidence lying behind such accounts of afterlife.

Supernatural/Psychic Evidence

Some claim that there is evidence for spiritual forces working beyond the body. This may imply the individual’s ability to live beyond death. Such evidence includes telepathy, spiritualism, and near death experiences. The latter have been subject to significant studies from neuropsychiatrists such as Peter Fenwick.

Philosophical View

Our philosophical understanding of death is given to us exclusively on the basis of the self-understanding of a living-man, who is inevitably approaching death as the ultimate event of his life. Thus, we come to an understanding of death by analyzing our actual existence in the light of the one-side experience of death and dying by the others.

Theological View

St. Thomas Aquinas is very clear about the nature of death. He says: "The necessity of dying for Man is partly from nature and partly from sin.

Biological View of Death

Death is viewed as a biological event, death is the end of man considered to be a living organism.

Ancient View of Death

Most ancient people attributed death to the agency of the gods, elves, demons, or evil spirits who are jealous of human achievements and beautiful human features, or who are offended by man’s sins.

Social Values

Actions or ideals that are considered important by society.

Social Institutions

Certain groups that perform vital functions in society.

Social Groups/Social Classes

Individuals who perform similar roles are grouped together.

Social Role

Actions and behaviors expected of a certain individual.

Laws

More formal norms that establish and define acceptable behavior of citizens.

Mores

Are also informal rules that are not written, but, when violated, result in severe punishments and social sanctions upon individual, such as social and religious exclusions.

Folkways

Less formal norms that arise from tradition and do not result in punishment when violated.

Norms

Set of traits that society considers acceptable.

Jean Jacques Rousseau

Advocate the concept of “general will”. Based on the assumption that the people have empowered the government to act on their behalf, and that it is considered to be the best judge of what is most beneficial for society.

John Locke

Persons in their natural states are more cooperative and reasonable, and that society is formed through the consent of the individuals that organized it (consent of the governed). People have the right to overthrow a failed government.

Thomas Hobbes

Persons in their natural states are governed by their desires and those often lead to conflict with their fellowmen.

Alienation

Arises when a person ceases to view the other as a distinct and authentic person and merely considers the other person as a mere object or a means to satisfy interests.

Ethics for Care

An ethical theory that emphasizes the moral dimension of relationships and interactions.

Availability

The willingness of a person to be present and be at the disposal of another.

Empathy

The ability to share emotions. This emotion is driven by a person’s awareness that the other is a person with thoughts and feelings.

Environmental Philosophy

The discipline in philosophy that studies the moral relationship of human beings with the environment and its non-human contents.

Environmental Aesthetics

A philosophical view that believes maintaining order in the environment will bring out the natural beauty of the surroundings and contribute to the well-being of the people and other organisms living in it.

Anthropocentrism

The belief in the supremacy of humanity over nature, considering nature as the means by which humans meet their needs and survive.

Biocentrism

The belief that all organisms have inherent value and should be protected, advocating for ethical treatment of animals.

Ecocentrism

The belief that humankind is a part of a greater biological system or community and that we have a significant role as stewards or guardians of nature.

Deep Ecology

A theory that assumes all living things possess equal value and intrinsic worth, advocating for the inseparable connection of man and nature.

Social Ecology

A theory that believes ecological problems can be traced to social problems, emphasizing the need to use our social capacity for the welfare of the environment.

Eco-feminism

A gender critique of the environment, stating that patriarchy is the source of environmental exploitation and advocating for the defense of both women and nature.

Sustainable Development

Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

Environmental Integrity

The principle that human activities or economic advances should not unduly disrupt the environment and human activities located in the area.

Economic Efficiency

The principle of minimizing waste in using natural resources.

Equity

The principle of conserving natural resources for the benefit of future generations.

Prudence

The capacity to direct and discipline one's activities and behavior using reason, being cautious and avoiding risks.

Frugality

The quality of being thrifty, the careful supervision of one's resources.

Freedom

The human capacity to act (or not to act) as we choose or prefer without any external compulsion or restraint.

Physical Freedom

The absence of any physical restraint, the freedom of mobility.

Psychological Freedom

The freedom to perform actions that one considers right and wise, the freedom of choice.

Moral Freedom

Using freedom in a manner that upholds human dignity and goodness.

Voluntariness

The ability of a person to act out of their own free will and self-determination.

Responsibility

Being accountable for one's actions and their consequences.

Prudence

The ability to govern and discipline oneself with the use of reason, making good judgments in decision-making.

Self-reflection

Allowing oneself to be more rational in making choices by considering the possible effects and benefits to the people affected by it.

Intersubjectivity

Agreement between people on a given set of meanings or a definition of the situation, accepting others and having a relationship with them.

Eros

A passionate, intense desire for something, often referred to as sexual desire.

Philia

Fondness and appreciation of the other.

Agape

Paternal love of God for man and of man for God, extended to include a brotherly love for all humanity.

Martin Buber

An Australian-born Israeli philosopher known for his philosophy of dialogue, distinguishing between I-Thou and I-It relationships.

I-It Relationship

A relationship where human beings perceive each other as consisting of specific, isolated qualities, a relationship of separateness and detachment.

I-Thou Relationship

A relationship where human beings are aware of each other as having a unity of being, engaging in a dialogue involving each other's whole being, a relationship of mutuality and reciprocity.

Pagmumura

To regard and behave toward another in a manner that signifies considering them as valueless or cheap, demeaning someone.

Pagmamahal

A disposition of being towards another being by which the degree of value is expressed or symbolized, recognizing worth and acting in a manner consistent with the preservation and enhancement of the value of the beloved.

Genuine/Authentic Dialogue

Empathy, availability, and ethics for care, deep and genuine relationship between persons.

Inauthentic Dialogue

Alienation, viewing the other as a mere object or means to satisfy interests.

Society

An organized group of people whose members interact frequently and have a common territory and culture.

Social Contract Theory

The theory that explains the origins of human society, studying the natural laws that govern human societies.

Society

A means by which people seek to control their natural tendencies and impose order.

Social Contract

An agreement where individuals sacrifice an amount of their freedom and submit to a higher authority.

Common Good

The social conditions which enable persons and groups to fulfill their goals and achieve well-being.

Hunting and Gathering Society

The oldest and most basic way of economic subsistence, where individuals hunt for animals and gather plants and vegetation for food.

Horticultural and Pastoral Society

Societies that subsist through small-scale farming or animal domestication.

Agrarian or Agricultural Society

Involves the large-scale and long-term cultivation of crops and domestication of animals.

Feudal Society

Based on the ownership of land and organized based on status.

Industrial Society

A society transformed by the Industrial Revolution, characterized by advanced technology and manufacturing-based production.

Post-industrial Society

Marked by the establishment of societies based on knowledge, information, and the sale of services.

Death

The permanent cessation of all vital functions, the end of life.

Dualism

The belief that the human person is composed of two separable things, the soul and the body.

Christianity

A religious view that believes in an afterlife, including Heaven, Purgatory, and Hell.

Hinduism

A religious view that believes in rebirth and reincarnation of the soul.

Shintoism

A religious view that believes the spirit goes back into nature after death.

Resurrection

Embodied existence after death, where the same body is used.

Rebirth/Reincarnation

The belief that the soul moves from one physical body to a different physical body after death.

Disembodied Existence

The belief that souls may go to Heaven, Purgatory, Hell, or return as part of nature.