Ch 7 SB and HW

The process by which electrons are stripped from organic molecules in order to manufacture ATP is known as

Cellular respiration

During cellular respiration, electrons are harvested from the chemical bonds of … , and their energy is used to produce …

glucose; ATP

Select all the processes involved in cellular respiration.

• light-dependent reactions

• Krebs cycle

• Calvin cycle

• electron transport chain

• glycolysis

• Krebs cycle

• electron transport chain

• glycolysis

During … , two three-carbon molecules of pyruvate are produced from a six-carbon glucose molecule, and … results in the production of 2 ATP molecules.

glycolysis; substrate-level phosphorylation

• Reason: Chemiosmosis is the production of ATP as a result of the proton gradient created by the electron transport chain, it produces 34 ATP molecules.

Before it enters the Krebs cycle, pyruvate is…

oxidized to form acetyl-CoA

Select all of the following that acetyl-CoA molecules can be used for depending on the energy needs of the cell.

• the Krebs cycle

• fat synthesis

• CO₂ reduction

• glycolysis

• the Krebs cycle

• fat synthesis

In most eukaryotes, what food molecule is broken down to produce ATP during cellular respiration?

Glucose

The Krebs cycle begins when … enters the cycle and binds to a four-carbon sugar.

acetyl-CoA

The first stage of cellular respiration occurs in the cytoplasm and is called…

glycolisis

Select all the molecules that carry electrons used to the electron transport chain of cellular respiration.

• NADH

• FADH₂

• ATP

• acetyl-CoA

• NADH

• FADH₂

What occurs during glycolysis?

• Electrons are passed down a series of membrane proteins, and oxygen is reduced.

• Pyruvate is decarboxylated and attached to acetyl-CoA.

• A six-carbon sugar is broken into 2 three-carbon molecules.

• The C–H bonds in pyruvate molecules are oxidized.

• A six-carbon sugar is broken into 2 three-carbon molecules.

Select all of the following that are directly involved with the chemiosmotic production of ATP during the electron transport chain.

• ATP synthase

• Proton gradient

The metabolic pathway in which electrons and hydrogen atoms from NADH are donated to an organic molecule and not the electron transport chain is called…

fermentation

Acetyl-CoA produced from pyruvate enters a series of reactions called…. which takes place in the…

the Krebs cycle; mitochondrion

During cellular respiration, NADH and FADH₂ act to…

transport electrons to the electron transport chain

• Reason: ATP is synthesized by substrate-level phosphorylation during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle and at the end of oxidative phosphorylation by chemiosmosis, which is facilitated by the proton gradient created by NADH and FADH₂ carrying electrons to the electron transport chain.

After proteins are broken down into amino acids, the next step is the removal of the nitrogen side group in a process called…, which results in the conversion of the amino acids into molecules that are able to enter….

deamination; the Krebs cycle

ATP is produced after the electron transport chain by…

chemiosmosis

The large amount of energy in lipid molecules is made available for cellular respiration when a process called … breaks down the long fatty acid tails into … molecules that are able to enter the Krebs cycle.

beta-oxidation; acetyl-CoA

What describes fermentation?

An organic molecule is reduced while NADH is oxidized.

The Krebs cycle begins when … enters the cycle and binds to a four-carbon sugar.

Acetyl-CoA

Deamination reactions remove nitrogen side groups from amino acids, which are then converted into molecules that can enter what stage of cellular respiration?

the Krebs cycle

Two-carbon fragments pulled from fatty acids are attached to coenzyme A to form acetyl-CoA that can enter the…

Krebs cycle

What product of cellular respiration is used to power the basic activities of cells, such as membrane transport, DNA and protein synthesis, and moving materials within the cell?

atp

In glycolysis, glucose is converted to…

pyruvate

The net result of a single glycolysis run is the formation of…

2 NADH and 2 ATP

Under anaerobic conditions, the end-product of glycolysis is converted to…

lactic acid

Cells obtain energy by … food molecules such as glucose.

oxidizing

What equation best describes the reduction of the coenzyme NAD⁺?

NAD⁺ + H → NADH

Before entering the Krebs cycle, pyruvate is converted to…

acetyl-CoA

A single "turn" of the Krebs cycle will yield…

1 ATP, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH₂

The initial reaction of the Krebs cycle involves the addition of a…

2-carbon molecule to a 4-carbon molecule.

Proton pumps are protein complexes that…

pump protons from one side of a membrane to the other

Synthesis of ATP via a proton gradient is called

Chemiosmosis

What is the enzyme used to synthesize ATP during chemiosmosis?

ATP synthase