Rudiments of Epidemiology and Health Determinants

What is the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states among specified populations and the application of the study to the control of health problems?

epidemiology

From what three Greek roots does epidemiology come?

epi, demos, logos

What does "epi" mean?

upon

What does "demos" mean?

people or population

What does "logos" mean?

discussion or study

What is epidemiology often referred to as?

the basic science of public health

What does epidemiology provide methods to study?

disease, injury, and clinical practice

What is often the first scientific method applied to a new health problem?

epidemiology

What disease can be passed from one person to another?

infectious disease

What causes infectious diseases?

pathogens

Who was relevant in 1796?

Jenner

What did Jenner do in 1796?

used cowpox to vaccinate against smallpox

Who was relevant in 1854?

Snow

What disease did Snow study in 1854?

cholera

What did Snow do to interrupt cholera in 1854?

stopped water transmission in London

Who was relevant in 1882?

Koch

What did Koch discover in 1882?

tubercle bacillus and cholera

What postulates did Koch and Henle create?

postulates on the causation of disease

What year was the eradication of smallpox declared?

1980

Who was relevant in 1950?

Doll and Hill

What did Doll and Hill do in 1950?

related cigarette smoking to lung cancer

What was relevant in 1954?

Framingham study

What did the Framingham study report on?

heart disease risk factors

What decade saw advances in cardiovascular epidemiology?

1980s

What types of interventions became successful in the 1980s?

preventive and treatment interventions

What decade saw the development of vaccines for hepatitis B?

1990s

What cancer does hepatitis B vaccination aim to prevent?

cancer of the liver

What year is associated with human papillomavirus vaccines?

2006

What cancer does the human papillomavirus vaccine aim to prevent?

cancer of the cervix

What happened in 1796?

Jenner used cowpox to vaccinate against smallpox

What happened in 1854?

Snow identified and interrupted water transmission of cholera in London

What happened in 1882?

Koch discovered tubercle bacillus and cholera; Koch-Henle postulates on causation of disease were created

What was declared in 1980?

eradication of smallpox

What happened in 1950?

Doll and Hill related cigarette smoking to lung cancer

What happened in 1954?

Framingham study reported on heart disease risk factors

What advances occurred in the 1980s?

advances in cardiovascular epidemiology and successful preventive and treatment interventions

What was developed in the 1990s?

vaccines for hepatitis B to prevent cancer of the liver

What was developed in 2006?

human papillomavirus vaccines to prevent cancer of the cervix

What is a disease constantly present within a particular area?

endemic

What is an endemic also referred to as?

baseline

What is an example of an endemic disease in Africa?

malaria

What is a disease that occurs irregularly or infrequently without geographic concentration?

sporadic

What are examples of sporadic diseases?

tetanus, rabies

What is persistent, high levels of disease occurrence?

hyperendemic

What is it called when a disease occurs in a larger-than-expected number of cases in a short time within a geographic region?

epidemic or outbreak

What is an example of an epidemic?

influenza

When and where does influenza occur as an epidemic?

each winter in the northern hemisphere

What is a group of cases in a specific time and place suspected to be greater than the number expected?

cluster

What is a disease or condition that spreads across regions, countries, or continents?

pandemic

What is the frequency and pattern of health events in a population?

distribution

What is the rate or risk of disease in the population?

distribution

What is the number of health events to the size of the population?

frequency

What is how quickly a disease occurs in a population?

rate

What is the formula for rate?

number of events divided by the size of the population

What is the occurrence of health-related events by time, place, and personal characteristics?

pattern

What are the causes or any factor, event, characteristic, or other entity that brings change in a health condition?

determinants

What do determinants influence?

occurrence of disease and other health-related events

What method is used to study determinants?

analytical method

What questions does the analytical method answer?

why and how

What does BEINGS stand for?

biologic and behavioral factors, environmental factors, immunologic factors, nutritional factors, genetic factors, services, social and spiritual factors

Why is gender significant in health?

men and women suffer from different types of diseases at different ages

What is behavior composed of?

intrinsic and extrinsic factors

What are intrinsic factors of behavior?

ability and motivation to engage in healthcare and access to technology

What are extrinsic factors of behavior?

attitude towards healthcare providers and physical or sedentary lifestyle

What study linked smoking, lack of physical activity, and cardiovascular disease?

Framingham study

What are low education levels linked to?

poor health, more stress, and lower self-confidence

What environmental factors contribute to good health?

safe water, clean air, healthy workplaces, safe houses, communities, and roads

What benefits do employment and good working conditions provide?

healthier people with more control over their working conditions

What does "I" stand for in BEINGS?

immunity

What does "N" stand for in BEINGS?

proper and balanced diet

What does "G" stand for in BEINGS?

inheritance, determining lifespan, healthiness, and likelihood of developing certain illnesses

What does "S" stand for in BEINGS?

spiritual, moral, social, and cultural factors