isci ch 15.1

what is biology

the study of life and living organisms

what do living things do

-use energy

-develop and grow

-maintain themselves

-capacity to reproduce

-respond to stimulus (enviro)

what are living organisms made of

cells!

what are some examples of living things

bacteria, animals, plants, fungi

what are molecules

elements bonded together

what are examples of macromolecules

-carbohydrates

-lipids

-proteins

-nucleic acids

ELEMENTS IN THE HUMAN BODY

-oxygen (65%)

-carbon (18.5%)

-hydrogen (9.5%)

-nitrogen (3%)

only cats have noses.

what are monosaccharides

-made from one sugar subunit

-can provide readily available energy

-glucose, fructose, ribose

what are disaccharides

-made of two sugar subunits

-sucrose, lactose

what are polysaccharides

-made of more that two sugar subunits

-structural components and more sustaining energy release

-starch, cellulose

what are two carbs that are not digestible

cellulose and chitin

what is cellulose

-most abundant organic compound on earth

-from cable like fibris inside plants

-polymer of glucose, arranges parallel of each other

-insoluble fiber- scrapes the wall of the digestive tract

what is chitin

-structural polysaccharide used in insect and crustacean exoskeleton

-also found in fungi

what are lipids

-nonpolar molecules that do not dissolve in water

-greasy to touch

-significant energy storage

types of lipids

-fats (triglycerides): used for long term energy storage and insulation

-sterols: regulate growth and develop

-phospholipids: from cellular membranes

lipid characteristics

-carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

-contain more stored energy than carbs

-cushions vital organs and insulates the body

-defined based on physical properties: hydrophobic v hydrophyllic

which is healthier- saturated or unsaturated fats?

UNSATURATED

what are sterols

-NOT fat

-regulate growth and development

types of sterols

-cholesterol: important for animal cell membranes, dietary can be evil

-steroid hormones: regulate sexual div and maturation, estrogen; memory and mood, testosterone; strength

what are phospholipids

-WHAT CELL MEMBRANES ARE MADE OF

-hydrophyllic head, hydrophobic tail

what are proteins

-THE CHEIF BUILDING BLOCKS OF LIFE: a polymer constructed from amino acids monomers

-3-D structures that correspond to functions

what are enzymes

-PROTEINS

-acts as a catalyst

-works by lowering activation energy

what are the nucleic acids

-DNA:double stranded helix; AT & GC

-RNA: single strand; AU & GC

what do nucleic acids do

-direct protein production

-gen info

what is DNA

-DIOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID

-base pairs bonded by H- bonds

-human genome project uses only one strand

-humans have ab 3 billion base pairs

what is RNA

-RIBONUCLEIC ACID

-rna sugar has extra O atom (ribose)'

-Uracil instead of Thymine

-single stranded