actual scioly

Q11:

The Goblin Flu virus undergoes a mutation so that its transmissibility

becomes airborne. It’s predicted that on average, for every one person infected, 6

other people will become infected. If there are 109,000 residents in Pumpkin Land, how many of them must get vaccinated in order to achieve herd immunity? Show all work. Round your answer to the nearest whole number.

A11: 90,833 people.

Q18: What is the role of the lens and the retina in human vision, and how does the accommodation process help in focusing on objects at different distances?

A18: The lens focuses light onto the retina, where photoreceptor cells (rods and cones) convert light into neural signals. The accommodation process occurs when the ciliary muscles change the shape of the lens to focus light from objects at varying distances onto the retina.

Q27: Know how to balance redox reactions in a basic solution.

A27: (This question requires a practical demonstration)

Q28: What is the significance of the Chandrasekhar limit?

A28: It is the maximum mass (~1.4 solar masses) that a white dwarf star can have before collapsing into a neutron star or black hole.

Q37: What feature distinguishes a brown dwarf from a true star?

A37: Brown dwarfs cannot fuse hydrogen in their cores.

Q44: What is the purpose of a Gram stain?

A44: To differentiate bacterial species based on differences in cell wall structure.

Q45: How much urine is produced by an average adult per day?

A45: 1.5 Liters.

Q46: What is the law of superposition?

A46: In undisturbed rock layers, the oldest layers are at the bottom, and the youngest are at the top.

Q48: Why does wool dissolve in bleach?

A48: Neutralization reaction; wool is acidic and bleach is basic.

Q52: What is the difference between an epidemic and a pandemic?

A52: An epidemic is a widespread occurrence of a disease in a specific region, while a pandemic is a global outbreak of a disease.

Q54: What is a defining characteristic of an arthropod’s exoskeleton?

A54: It is composed of chitin and provides both protection and support.

Q55: You have been studying the main sequence star Gilgamesh, which you have determined is 3.5 parsecs away. If Gilgamesh has an apparent bolometric magnitude of 4.5, what is its absolute magnitude?

A55: 6.78

Q57: What is poor biological plausibility?

A57: A situation where a proposed mechanism or explanation for a biological phenomenon is unlikely.

Q63: What property of ceramics makes them suitable for high-temperature applications?

A63: Their high melting points and thermal stability.

Q64: What stages of decay does the presence of Sarcophagidae on a dead body indicate?

A64: Bloated/decay.

Q65: What is the role of the lymphatic system in maintaining homeostasis, and how does it interact with the circulatory system?

A65: The lymphatic system helps maintain fluid balance by returning excess interstitial fluid to the bloodstream. It also plays a key role in immune response by filtering lymph through lymph nodes and transporting immune cells.

Q69: The taiga biome accounts for what percentage of Earth’s landmass?

A69: 17%.

Q83: What is a method of absolute dating?

A83: Radiometric dating.

Q84: What is the Mercalli scale?

A84: It measures the intensity of shaking and damage caused by an earthquake.

Q85: What geological period is dated to 2298.9 to 252.2 million years ago MYA (million years ago)?

A85: Permian Period.

Q89: What is the difference between endothermic and exothermic reactions in terms of energy transfer?

A89: Endothermic reactions absorb energy from the surroundings, typically in the form of heat, while exothermic reactions release energy to the surroundings. This difference affects temperature changes in the environment during the reactions.

Q92: What are characteristics of an r-strategy species?

A92: Small organisms, Type III survivorship curve, many offspring.

Q95: What are the different stages of the bacterial growth curve, and how does each stage affect the population growth rate?

A95: The bacterial growth curve consists of the lag phase (slow initial growth as bacteria adjust to the environment), the log phase (exponential growth), the stationary phase (growth rate equals death rate), and the death phase (resources become scarce, leading to cell death). Each stage reflects changes in nutrient availability and environmental conditions.

Q97: How can scientists use fossils to establish the relative age of rock layers in the context of the principle of faunal succession?

A97: Faunal succession is the principle that fossil species appear in a consistent, chronological order in different regions. By identifying the presence of certain fossils, scientists can correlate rock layers across different locations and determine their relative ages.

Q99: How does the structure of the human respiratory system facilitate gas exchange and protect the body from pathogens?

A99: The human respiratory system consists of airways that filter, warm, and moisten air before it reaches the lungs. The alveoli, tiny air sacs in the lungs, provide a large surface area for gas exchange. The mucous membranes and cilia trap pathogens, preventing them from reaching the lungs.

Q102: What general class of macromolecules is imported into heterocysts from other cells in the greatest quantities?

A102: Carbohydrates.

Q106: What is the role of detritivores in nutrient cycling?

A106: Detritivores break down dead organic material, releasing nutrients back into the soil or water, where they can be used by producers. This recycling of nutrients is crucial for maintaining ecosystem productivity.

Q107: What enzyme catalyzes the reduction of diatomic nitrogen (N₂)?

A107: Nitrogenase.

Q108: What is a possible disease with these symptoms? The patient complains of a rash, red eyes, and sore joints. As you examine them, you realize their lymph nodes are swollen, and their palms and lips are red. (SAR)

A108: Kawasaki disease.

Q110: Know how to do a Caesar cipher.

A110: (This question requires a practical demonstration)

Q111: Define Vaccine.

A111: A biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular disease.

Q113: How many pulmonary veins are there?

A113: 4.

Q114: What is the function of a spectrophotometer?

Q115: What is the difference between an epidemic and a pandemic?

A115: An epidemic is a widespread occurrence of a disease in a specific region, while a pandemic is a global outbreak of a disease.

Q116: Know the location of Mediastinal lymph nodes.

A116: (This question requires a visual aid, or anatomical knowledge)

Q121: Define Hyperendemic.

A121: A disease that is constantly present at a high incidence and/or prevalence rate and affects all age groups equally.

Q122: What are the four main types of volcanoes?

A122: a. Composite b. Shield c. Lava dome d. Cinder cone.

Q123: Know how to write numbers in base 10 and understand bitwise operations.

A123: (This question requires a practical demonstration)

Q125: What geological period is dated to 275 MYA (million years ago)?

A125: Permian Period.

Q126: Rigid, inflexible regions of an insect’s exoskeleton are called:

A126: Sclerites.

Q127: What does the Kastle-Meyer test indicate? What reagent does it use?

A127: Presence of blood; phenolphthalein.

Q128: During which geologic period did insects first appear in the fossil record?

A128: Carboniferous.

Q129: Define Contagious.

A129: Capable of being transmitted from one person to another by contact or close proximity.

Q130: Know the location of Thymus.

A130: (This question requires a visual aid, or anatomical knowledge)

Q132: Know the location of Spleen.

A132: (This question requires a visual aid, or anatomical knowledge)

Q133: Define Etiology.

A133: The scientific study of the origin or cause of a disease.

Q134: Define Cluster.

A134: An aggregation of cases over a particular period closely grouped in time and space.

Q135: Know the location of Celiac lymph nodes.

A135: (This question requires a visual aid, or anatomical knowledge)

Q136: In binary and hexadecimal systems, how do you convert the hexadecimal number "3F" into its binary equivalent?

A136: "3F" in hexadecimal is equivalent to "00111111" in binary. To convert, break each hex digit into its 4-bit binary equivalent: 3 = 0011, F = 1111.

Q139: In Codebusters, how would you decrypt a message encoded using a Playfair cipher?

A139: To decrypt a Playfair cipher, break the ciphertext into digraphs (pairs of two letters), locate each digraph in the 5x5 Playfair matrix, and apply the decryption rule: if the letters are in the same row, replace them with the letters to their immediate left, and if in the same column, replace them with the letters above.

Q140: In epidemiology, how does a cohort study differ from a case-control study, and in what scenarios would each be used?

A140: A cohort study follows a group of people over time to assess how exposures affect outcomes, whereas a case-control study compares individuals with a disease (cases) to those without (controls) to identify risk factors. Cohort studies are ideal for studying rare exposures, while case-control studies are better for studying rare diseases.

Q141: How do the velocities of P-waves and S-waves differ, and how does this affect the data obtained from seismographs?

A141: P-waves (primary waves) are faster and travel through both solids and liquids, while S-waves (secondary waves) are slower and can only travel through solids. The difference in their velocities allows seismologists to determine the Earth’s internal structure, including the size of the liquid outer core, by analyzing the arrival times of these waves.

Q151: How does the structure of the human respiratory system facilitate gas exchange and protect the body from pathogens?

A151: The human respiratory system consists of airways that filter, warm, and moisten air before it reaches the lungs. The alveoli, tiny air sacs in the lungs, provide a large surface area for gas exchange. The mucous membranes and cilia trap pathogens, preventing them from reaching the lungs.

Q152: What is the difference between primary and secondary immune responses in the human body?

A152: The primary immune response occurs when the body first encounters an antigen, leading to a slower production of antibodies. The secondary immune response occurs during subsequent exposures, with faster and more efficient antibody production due to memory cells.

Q153: How does the concept of strain rate affect the mechanical behavior of materials under stress?

A153: The strain rate refers to the speed at which a material is deformed under stress. Materials under high strain rates tend to behave more brittle and can fracture more easily, whereas under lower strain rates, materials may behave more ductile, undergoing more deformation before failure.

Q154: What are the different stages of the bacterial growth curve, and how does each stage affect the population growth rate?

A154: The bacterial growth curve consists of the lag phase (slow initial growth as bacteria adjust to the environment), the log phase (exponential growth), the stationary phase (growth rate equals death rate), and the death phase (resources become scarce, leading to cell death). Each stage reflects changes in nutrient availability and environmental conditions.

Q160: What role do mitochondria play in cellular respiration, and how is ATP produced during this process?

A160: Mitochondria are the sites of cellular respiration, where glucose is broken down into carbon dioxide and water. The energy released is used to generate ATP through oxidative phosphorylation in the electron transport chain.

Q161: In genetics, what is the significance of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, and what conditions must be met for a population to be in equilibrium?

A161: The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium describes a population in which allele frequencies do not change from generation to generation. Conditions for equilibrium include no mutation, random mating, no natural selection, large population size, and no gene flow.

Q164: How does the second law of thermodynamics relate to the efficiency of energy transfer in biological systems?

A164: The second law of thermodynamics states that energy transformations are inefficient and always result in some loss of usable energy, typically as heat. In biological systems, this means that not all energy from food is converted into work; some is lost during metabolic processes.

Q165: How does the process of nitrogen fixation contribute to the nitrogen cycle?

A165: Nitrogen fixation is the process by which certain bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia or nitrates, which can be used by plants to synthesize proteins and nucleic acids. This makes nitrogen accessible to the ecosystem.

Q167: How do the principles of osmosis and diffusion apply to the movement of water and solutes in living cells?

A167: Osmosis is the movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane from areas of low solute concentration to high solute concentration. Diffusion is the movement of solutes from high to low concentration. Both processes are essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis.

Q168: What is the role of chlorophyll in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis?

A168: Chlorophyll absorbs light energy, primarily in the blue and red wavelengths, which is then used to excite electrons and initiate the process of converting light energy into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH.

Q169: How does the structure of the alveoli in the lungs facilitate efficient gas exchange?

A169: The alveoli are tiny air sacs with thin walls and a large surface area, which allows for rapid diffusion of oxygen into the blood and carbon dioxide out of the blood.

Q170: How does the process of natural selection lead to evolutionary change in a population?

A170: Natural selection favors individuals with traits that increase their survival and reproduction in a given environment. Over time, these advantageous traits become more common in the population, leading to evolutionary change.

Q171: What is the significance of the ozone layer in the Earth’s atmosphere?

A171: The ozone layer absorbs most of the Sun’s harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation, protecting life on Earth from its damaging effects.

Q172: How does the concept of half-life apply to radioactive isotopes in radiometric dating?

A172: Half-life is the time it takes for half of a radioactive isotope to decay. By measuring the ratio of parent to daughter isotopes in a sample and knowing the half-life, scientists can determine the age of rocks and fossils.

Q173: What are the major types of chemical bonds, and how do they influence the properties of molecules and compounds?

A173: The major types are ionic, covalent, and metallic bonds. Ionic bonds involve the transfer of electrons, forming ions with opposite charges. Covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons. Metallic bonds involve a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The type of bond influences properties like melting point, conductivity, and solubility.

Q174: What is the difference between molarity and molality?

A174: Molarity is moles of solute per liter of solution, while molality is moles of solute per kilogram of solvent.

Q175: What is the function of the bacterial capsule?

A175: It protects the bacterium from desiccation and phagocytosis.

Q179: What is orogenesis?

A179: The process of mountain formation due to the collision and convergence of tectonic plates.

Q180: Define Zoonosis.

A180: An infectious disease that is transmissible from animals to humans.

Q181: Know the location of Mediastinal lymph nodes.

A181: (This question requires a visual aid, or anatomical knowledge)

Q182: What is the primary function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus in the kidney?

A182: It regulates blood pressure and the filtration rate of the glomerulus by releasing renin.

Q186: How much urine is produced by an average adult per day?

A186: 1.5 Liters.

Q188: What is the difference between an epidemic curve with a common source and one with a propagated source?

A188: A common source epidemic has a sharp peak and decline, while a propagated epidemic shows a gradual rise and multiple peaks.

Q189: What stages of decay does the presence of Sarcophagidae on a dead body indicate?

A189: Bloated/decay.

Q197: What are the four main types of volcanoes?

A197: a. Composite b. Shield c. Lava dome d. Cinder cone.

Q198: What makes the appearance of the exteriors of the houses in Čičmany, Slovakia special?

A198: Contrast of lace-like patterns of white paint against black wood.

Q199: Define Vaccine.

A199: A biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular disease.

Q200: What general class of macromolecules is imported into heterocysts from other cells in the greatest quantities?

A200: Carbohydrates.

What disease encompasses these symptoms : Low-grade fever

Headache

Sore throat

Runny nose

Cough

Pink eye (conjunctivitis)

Swollen lymph nodes, particularly behind the ears and at the back of the neck

Rash that starts on the face and spreads to the rest of the body 

rubella

know where the extensor digitorum is

know where the rectus femoris is

know where the deltoid is

know where the serratus anterior is

know which period is between 419.2 to 358.9 million years ago

Devonian

What were the first insects in the Devonian period?

collembolans (springtails)

hubbles constant

“ H0 “ 70 km/s/Mpc

chemical formulas of the mystery powder :Soluble, pH of 4, NR with HCl, bubbles with Benedict's, green flame

H3BO4

Howmany regions does a nephron have

5

What theory was the precursor for the theory of plate tectonics? Who was responsible for this theory?

The continental drift theory, proposed by Alfred Wegener

Suppose an earthquake occurs with a magnitude of 3.2 on the Richter scale.

How much energy, in Joules, was released?

3.98 x 10^9 Joules

Which phenomenon is associated with Herbig-Haro objects?

outflows from young stars

If the primary producers of this ecosystem produce 1.3 x 10^4 kJ of energy annually, how much energy do the secondary consumers have?

130 kJ

Which sedimentary structure indicates alternating flow directions and is commonly seen in

ancient desert environments?

cross-bedding.

Why is the color of Uluru often seen as changing throughout the day?

The sandstone contains iron minerals that oxidize under different light

conditions

properties of anabena

Anabaena is an obligate aerobe.

Anabaena is a photoautotroph.

An electron emits electromagnetic radiation, losing 2.4 eV in

the process. What color of light is emitted?( you dont need to know formula now but if want to do optics u might want to learn it)

green

Consider a diffraction grating setup with a screen a

distance of L = 1 m and slits separated by a distance of d = 1 mm. What

is the gap between bright fringes if red light is used?

700 μm

know how to calculate the momentum of a photon