Earth Science 2nd Quarter

review

Inorganic, Naturally occurring, Homogenous Solid

Minerals

Single Elements

Native Minerals

Two or more Elements

Compound Minerals

Resistance to being Scratched

Hardness

Most visible Physical Property

Color

Reflected Light

Luster

Powdered Mineral

Streak

Tendancy of Minerals to break along definite smooth planes

Shape

Mixed into sands, cements

Gypsum

Melting, then form it into metals

Magnetite

When lava cools down, and become solid

Igneous Rocks

Formed from pre-existing rocks, Carried away by water, wind, ice

Sedimentary Rocks

Igneous rocks and Sedimentary rocks undergo changes, heat and pressure.

Metamorphic Rocks

Include open pit mines, a large hole that extract relatively low grade metalic one

Surface Mines

Extra horizontal layers of rock placer mines were GOLD and DIAMOND are

Strip Mines

Ground water and Surface water contamination.

Collapse of unfilled Tunnels.

Destruction of Landscape.

Environmental

Substitution and the three R’s of sustainability

(Reduce, Reuse, Recycle)

Strenghten the Law

Sustainable Solutions

energy that can be restored or replaced by a Natural Processes

Renewable Energy

arise from the sun by electromagnetic radiation

Solar Energy

it is using the wind current to create electricity using wind mill

Wind Energy

is a form of energy Harnesses the power of water motion

Hydroelectric Energy

that Cannot be readily replaced by a natural processes

Non-renewable energy

a black or brownish rock we can burn to create energy

Coal

is a liquid fossil fuel. It is also called crude oil

Petroleum

Occurs when a rock splits or breaks into smaller pieces of the same material without changing its composition

Mechanical or Physical Weathering

Occurs because of the property of water that causes it to expand when frozen

Ice wedging or Frost Action

Take place in rocks rich in shale and mudstone

Wetting and Drying

May also cause mechanical weathering. grows into cracks in rocks, they wedge the rock apart.

Roots of plants

can dig holes in the coil, which allow wind and water to reach the bed rock and weather it.

Burrowing Animals

occurs by expansion of the rock body itself as a result of pressure unloading.

Sheet Jointing

Also known as decomposition, involves the complex process that change the rocks minerals into different chemical weathering may occur in the following ways.

Chemical Weathering

The process of chemical union of water and minerals

Hydrolysis

Happens between the reaction of oxygen and other substances a common example is rust

Oxidation

Occurs when carbonic acid reacts with minerals making up rocks. Carbonic acid is one of the acid formed

Carbonation

It has become acidic because it dissolves carbon dioxide from the air

Rain water

defined as the removal and transport of earth materials by natural agents.

Erosion and Deposition

masses of Ice that move slowly under the influence of gravity.

Glaciers

the primary natural disaster note for erosion they take materials from inside the earth and spread them on the surface.

Volcanoes

They may not seem like a cause of erosion, but they can be.

Earthquakes

The formation and deformation of landforms on the surface of the earth are a continuous process which is due to the continuous influence of external and internal forces.

Geomorphic Process

Salt crystallisation is most effective of all salt-weathering processes. Salts in rocks enlarge due to hydration, crystallisation and thermal action. Various salts like sodium, barium, calcium, potassium, and magnesium, have an inclination to enlarge.

Salt Weathering