Inorganic, Naturally occurring, Homogenous Solid
Minerals
Single Elements
Native Minerals
Two or more Elements
Compound Minerals
Resistance to being Scratched
Hardness
Most visible Physical Property
Color
Reflected Light
Luster
Powdered Mineral
Streak
Tendancy of Minerals to break along definite smooth planes
Shape
Mixed into sands, cements
Gypsum
Melting, then form it into metals
Magnetite
When lava cools down, and become solid
Igneous Rocks
Formed from pre-existing rocks, Carried away by water, wind, ice
Sedimentary Rocks
Igneous rocks and Sedimentary rocks undergo changes, heat and pressure.
Metamorphic Rocks
Include open pit mines, a large hole that extract relatively low grade metalic one
Surface Mines
Extra horizontal layers of rock placer mines were GOLD and DIAMOND are
Strip Mines
Ground water and Surface water contamination.
Collapse of unfilled Tunnels.
Destruction of Landscape.
Environmental
Substitution and the three R’s of sustainability
(Reduce, Reuse, Recycle)
Strenghten the Law
Sustainable Solutions
energy that can be restored or replaced by a Natural Processes
Renewable Energy
arise from the sun by electromagnetic radiation
Solar Energy
it is using the wind current to create electricity using wind mill
Wind Energy
is a form of energy Harnesses the power of water motion
Hydroelectric Energy
that Cannot be readily replaced by a natural processes
Non-renewable energy
a black or brownish rock we can burn to create energy
Coal
is a liquid fossil fuel. It is also called crude oil
Petroleum
Occurs when a rock splits or breaks into smaller pieces of the same material without changing its composition
Mechanical or Physical Weathering
Occurs because of the property of water that causes it to expand when frozen
Ice wedging or Frost Action
Take place in rocks rich in shale and mudstone
Wetting and Drying
May also cause mechanical weathering. grows into cracks in rocks, they wedge the rock apart.
Roots of plants
can dig holes in the coil, which allow wind and water to reach the bed rock and weather it.
Burrowing Animals
occurs by expansion of the rock body itself as a result of pressure unloading.
Sheet Jointing
Also known as decomposition, involves the complex process that change the rocks minerals into different chemical weathering may occur in the following ways.
Chemical Weathering
The process of chemical union of water and minerals
Hydrolysis
Happens between the reaction of oxygen and other substances a common example is rust
Oxidation
Occurs when carbonic acid reacts with minerals making up rocks. Carbonic acid is one of the acid formed
Carbonation
It has become acidic because it dissolves carbon dioxide from the air
Rain water
defined as the removal and transport of earth materials by natural agents.
Erosion and Deposition
masses of Ice that move slowly under the influence of gravity.
Glaciers
the primary natural disaster note for erosion they take materials from inside the earth and spread them on the surface.
Volcanoes
They may not seem like a cause of erosion, but they can be.
Earthquakes
The formation and deformation of landforms on the surface of the earth are a continuous process which is due to the continuous influence of external and internal forces.
Geomorphic Process
Salt crystallisation is most effective of all salt-weathering processes. Salts in rocks enlarge due to hydration, crystallisation and thermal action. Various salts like sodium, barium, calcium, potassium, and magnesium, have an inclination to enlarge.
Salt Weathering