Research Methods Final

Quasi-experiment

A study with IV manipulation but no random assignment (uses pre-existing groups)

Interrupted time series

One group measured multiple times before and after a treatment

Multiple time series

Interrupted time series with an added control group

Nonequivalent groups design

Quasi-experimental design where non-random groups get different treatments

Case study

In depth investigation of one individual or small group

Correlation

Statistical relationship between two continuous variables

Longitudinal research

Follows the same participants over time

Cross-sectional research

Examines different groups at a single point in time

Naturalistic observation

Observing subjects in their natural environment without interference

Participant observation

Researcher actively engages with the environment being studied

Laboratory observation

Observation conducted in a controlled environment

Survey

Data collected method involving self-report via interviews or questionnairesI

Operational definition

Specific, measurable definition of a variable

Reactivity

Change in participant behavior due to awareness of being observed

Time sampling

Observations made at regular time intervals

Event sampling

Observations made when specific behaviors/events occur

Overt observation

Participant knows they’re being observed

Covert observation

Participant does not know they’re being observed

Probing questions

Follow-up interview questions to clarify/deepen responses

Group-administered questionnaire

Survey given to participants in a group setting

Web-based questionnaire

Online survey, quick but may suffer from sampling bias

Directional hypothesis

Predicts the specific direction of the outcome

Nondirectional hypothesis

Predicts a difference without specifying direction

Causality

Can be inferred when there is covariation, temporal precedence (x before y), and control of confounding variables