APUSH- All 250 key terms

Triangular Trade

The primary avenue of trade for West Africans before European traders connected them to the Atlantic World. It carried slaves to the New World sugar plantations in the Spanish West Indies

Encomiendas

A grant of Indian labor in Spanish America given in the 16th Century by Spanish kings to prominent men.

Columbian Exchange

The massive global exchange of living things

Mercantilism

Economic philosophy or practice in which England established the colonies to provide raw materials to the Mother country; the colonies receive manufactured goods in return.

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

First constitution in the colonies drafted that stated a government's authority rests upon the consent of the governed and expressed the will of the majority.

Navigation Acts

English laws passed beginning in the 1650s requiring that certain English colonial goods be shipped through English ports on English ships

Salutary Neglect

British colonial policy during the Reign of George I and George II. By relaxing their supervision of internal colonial affairs

Virginia House of Burgesses

First of the many mini legislatures created by the Colonies that started the tradition of Salutary Neglect and home rule.

Halfway Covenant

Used by Puritan Churches to bolster attendance but also keep political leadership under the control respectable families. Conversion needed but not "regeneration" to be a member of the congregation.

Bacon's Rebellion

Disgruntled Virginia (Chesapeake) colonial farmers attempted to overthrow Governor. Berkeley in 1676 because of economic hardship and perceived failure with Indian raids and lack of women that could be married.

Iroquois Confederation

The league of Indian tribes in the Northeast that fought with the English in the French-Indian War and supported the Loyalists in the American Revolution.

Old Lights/New Lights

Old: Conservative ministers opposed to the passion displayed by evangelical preachers. New: Evangelical preachers who emphasized the importance of spiritual rebirth. Established Princeton

Puritan Dissenters

Banished dissenters who questioned the laws mandated by the church. Including Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson

Albany Congress

During the French and Indian war

Proclamation of 1763

A line drawn by the British government that forbade colonists from settling the western lands won after the French and Indian War.

Stamp Act

Prior to the American Revolution

Boston Massacre

1770

Committees of Correspondence

Organized by Massachusetts in 1772 its purpose was to keep a close watch on the British and report any violations on individual rights.

Great Awakening

Major religious revival (1740-1750) prior to the American Revolution that furthered individualism

Townshend Acts

Named after the British political leader who wrongly believed that this external "tax" or "duty" would be accepted by the colonies.

Boston Tea Party

Organized by the Sons of Liberty

The Sons of Liberty and Minutemen

A secret organization that was created in the Thirteen Colonies to advance the rights of the European colonists and to fight taxation by the British government.

Olive Branch Petition

American colonists sent this to King George III in hopes of reconciliation. It was rejected when he branded all colonists as rebels. The King sent Hessian and British troops to America.

1st Continental Congress

This body drafted their Declaration of Rights and Grievances. Brought back the Association and oversaw the relief of Boston and boycott of English goods.

2nd Continental Congress

This body formed the Continental Army

Saratoga

Important turning point battle of the Revolutionary War. The American victory encouraged France to aid colonial independence from Britain.

Yorktown

The final battle of the revolution; won by George Washington and his French allies who trapped Gen. Cornwallis in Virginia.

Articles of Confederation

First US government which was ineffectual in dealing with the nation's financial and political problems because it lacked coercive power.

Shays' Rebellion

Debt-ridden farmers mounted a protest to foreclosures led by revolutionary war veterans; that demonstrated the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation.

Great Compromise

Also known as the Connecticut Compromise

The Federalist Papers

Jay

National Bank

Established by Alexander Hamilton to improve the national economy

Alexander Hamilton

Sec of Treasury under Washington and perhaps the greatest administrative genius in U.S. history. He was the father of the 1st National Bank

Pinckney's Treaty

1795 Treaty with Spain fearful of Jay Treaty with Great Britain might threaten Spanish holdings in the West. Spain permitted U.S. navigation rights on the Mississippi and conceded U.S. right to lands east of the Mississippi.

Jay Treaty

The unpopular treaty with Great Britain 1794-95 that was supposed to stop British impressments but did not. The British did withdraw soldiers from the Northwest Territory.

Whiskey Rebellion

Western Pennsylvania Farmers failed uprising against the Washington administration. They took up arms as a result of Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey in 1794

Midnight Judges

John Adams' last minute appointment of Federalist Party members to federal courts before Thomas Jefferson took office in 1800.

Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions

Issued by Jefferson and Madison in response to President Adam's passage of the Alien & Sedition Acts

Embargo Act 1807

Jefferson's least popular action taken. It did not allow American shipping to carry European goods to the U.S. It furthered American industry and wrecked the shipping business in the Federalist New England area.

Republican Motherhood

After the election of 1800

Hartford Convention

Meeting of New England Federalists who were opposed to the War of 1812 and wanted to seek a separate peace with Britain even if it meant seceding from the Union.

War Hawks

Henry Clay and John C Calhoun were members for their support of the war of 1812 (Now a common term used for pro-war sentiment)

Old National Road-(Cumberland Road)

First of the internal improvements provided by congress in 1806 to help the colonization of the west. A toll bill linked to the road was vetoed by Monroe.

Second Great Awakening

Religious revivals and growth of Baptist and Methodist membership between 1800-1840 that lead to rise of major reform movements and utopian/religious sects like the Shakers & Mormons. Focus was on connecting the frontier families

American System 1819

This was Henry Clay's three part plan to improve the national economy through a 2nd National Bank

Missouri Compromise

A Bill passed in 1820 to solve the divisive issue of the expansion of slavery which threatened to upset the political balance in the Senate. This bill set the tone for the congressional actions prior to the Civil War.

Henry Clay

Senator from Kentucky called the Great Compromiser because he was credited with the Missouri Compromise and other major political compromises between 1820 and 1850.

Alexis De Tocqueville

French liberal politician who observed the evolution of American political thought

Era of Good Feelings

Brief period of nationalism and patriotism that followed the American victory over the British in the War of 1812. It was marked by a spirit of cooperation on economic matters

Monroe Doctrine

Announcement made during the Era of Good Feelings because the U.S. feared that the Concert of Europe might intervene in Latin American revolutions-U.S. stood opposed to any further colonization in western hemisphere and would not intervene in European affairs.

John Marshall

Most important Chief Justice of the Supreme Court who kept the Federalist ideals alive long after the party faded into history.

Marbury v. Madison

John Marshall's landmark supreme court case that established the principle of judicial review.

McCulloch v. Maryland

Supreme Court case that established the principle of implied powers and upheld the constitutionality of the bank "the power to tax is the power to destroy".

Corrupt Bargain

The alleged deal between John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay in the Election of 1824 that stole the election from Andrew Jackson.

Whig Party

The political party formed as the anti-Jackson party by Henry Clay and supporters of the American System

Pet Banks

Andrew Jackson (Old Hickory) opposition to a National Bank (an idea by Henry Clay) prompted him to remove Federal deposits and place them in State Banks.

Common Man

The idealized description political supporters of Jackson used to promote his candidacy for president.

Nullification Crisis

1832-33 was over the tariff policy of the Fed. Government

Indian Removal Act 1830 /Trail of Tears

Act that directed the mandatory relocation of eastern tribes to territory west of the Mississippi River. Jackson insisted that his goal was to save the Indians and their culture. Indians resisted the controversial act

Horace Mann

During the age of reform 1825-1859 he was an outspoken reformer who focused on education

Doctrine of Separate Spheres

19th century belief that men were superior in worldly pursuits and women were superior in their moral influences

McGuffy Readers

1836-1870 these were used by schools to expose children to a common curriculum that preached honesty

Cotton Whigs/ Conscience Whigs

Southern Whigs who supported slavery. Northern Whigs who opposed slavery

Oneida Community

Socio-religious group of "perfectionists". Begun in 1848 its members shared property

Free Soil Party 1847/48

Political movement that opposed the expansion of slavery into the western territories.

Nat Turner

Slave who led a bloody revolt in 1831 and who believed he was divinely inspired to kill his master and other slave owners. 60 men

Peculiar Institution

The historical term used to identify slavery prior to the Civil War

Manifest Destiny

An almost religious belief prior to the Mexican American War that the U.S. should possess the North American continent from east to west.

Wilmot Proviso (1846)

This bill was presented during the Mexican-American War. It stipulated that none of the territory acquired should be opened to slavery.

Know Nothing Party

Secretive Nativist political party that opposed Immigration during the 1840's and early 1850's. Officially called the American Party.

Seneca Falls

1st national meeting for women's suffrage held in 1848. Elizabeth Cady Stanton issued the "Declaration of Sentiments" calling for the equality of the sexes.

1st Industrial Revolution

A burst of major inventions and economic expansion based on water and steam power and the use of machine technology that transformed the cotton textile industries. Ended the factory system

Robert Fulton

Creator of the American steamboat who started the era of commercial steam navigation.

Market Revolution

The dramatic increase between 1820-1850 in the exchange of goods and services in market transactions. It reflected the increased output of farms and factories

Samuel Slater

He left England with the memorized knowledge on how to build a textile factory and helped modernize the American factory system

Henry David Thoreau

A transcendentalist who wrote the essay "Civil Disobedience" which outlined his protest to the Mexican American war. This essay later influenced non-violent protests by Gandhi and M.L. King Jr.

Transcendentalism

A 19th century intellectual movement that posited the importance of an ideal world of mystical knowledge and harmony beyond the immediate grasp of the senses. Leaders called for the critical examination of society and emphasized individuality

Underground Railroad

A network of safe houses used by abolitionists to aid the escape of Southern Slaves into the North.

Positive Good

An argument used by slavery supporters claiming slavery had benefits for the slaves as well as the United States.

Sectionalism

Term used to describe the regions (Northeast

Frederick Douglass

An escaped slave who became a leading figure in the anti-slavery movement.

Abolitionists

Anti-slavery activists who demanded the immediate end of slavery.

Mexican/American War

A war fought on the principle of "manifest destiny" and supported by southern planters desiring to expand the cotton culture. Was opposed by the Northeast who thought war was "unrighteous and gave the south more political power.

"54 40 or Fight"

Slogan used by pro-war westerners wanting a war with Great Britain for all of the Oregon territory in the 1840's.

Panics of 1819

1837

American Temperance Society

First national organization to protest the abuse of alcohol. They demanded "total" abstinence and pressured churches to expel members who condoned alcohol.

Dorethea Dix

Unitarian Sunday School teacher who during the age of reform worked for better treatment for the mentally insane.

Liberator

Anti-Slavery (Abolitionist) newspaper founded by New Englander William Lloyd Garrison. Publisher was considered outspoken and controversial because of their unwavering stand on slavery.

Gag Rule

A procedure in the House of Representatives. From 1836-1844 by which antislavery petitions were automatically tabled when they were received so they could not become subject to debate

Compromise of 1850

Controversial 5 part Bill which allowed California to enter the union as a free state while agreeing to some southern demands on slavery issues.

Fugitive Slave Law

The most controversial portion of the compromise of 1850. It allowed southern slave-holders to retrieve escaped slaves in the north.

King Cotton

Term used to describe the dominance of the South's cash crop (Cotton) on politics

Uncle Tom's Cabin

Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe in response to the Fugitive Slave Law. It is considered to have been one of the most effective Anti-Slavery statements made prior to the Civil War.

Popular Sovereignty

The idea that the people who live in the area should decide the rules and laws to govern them. Advocated by Lewis Cass and accepted by Democrats as a way to avoid tensions and political fallouts over the expansion of slavery

Stephen A Douglas

Also known as The Little Giant

Kansas-Nebraska Act

Stephen Douglas' attempt to allow popular sovereignty to decide the slavery issue in the territories in exchange for the Trans-Continental Railroad linking California and Illinois.

Bleeding Kansas

Conflict over the expansion of slavery into the Kansas Territory during its transition to statehood. Free-Staters battled slavery supporters with violence.

John Brown

Fanatic anti-slavery advocate. He was involved in Bleeding Kansas and later became the leader who attempted to start a massive slave uprising by seizing the federal armory at Harpers Ferry in 1859..

Dred Scott v. Sandford

1857 Supreme Court case that developed the fact that slaves were property not persons entitled to constitutional rights. It was the second Supreme Court decision to declare a law unconstitutional—Missouri Compromise

Lincoln - Douglas Debates

Seven debates for the Illinois senate in 1858. This was the last peaceful debate over slavery prior to the Civil War.