final term 2

coma

state of deep unconscience

cretinism

condition of severe congenital hypothyroidism that severely retards mental and physical growth

euthyroid

normal thyroid function

facies

facial expression and feature characteristics of a specific disease

glands

adrenal \n pancreas \n pituitary

adrenal glands

Paired glands, located one abv each kidney; 2 portions \\n a) Cortex \\n b) Medulla

pancreas

1. Islets of Langerhans or Pancreatic islets - Clusters of cellular tissue thru out pancreas (pancreas located \\n behind stomach bet spleen & duodenum of sml intest); contain Alpha cells, Beta cells and Delta cells
2. does have other non-endocrine functions \\n a) Also an exocrine gland which produces digestive enzymes (endocrine – secretes into bloodstream, \\n exocrine – secretions go directly to surface or through a duct)

pituitary

Size of a pea, located at base of brain \\n 2) Often referred to as “the master gland” because its hormones stimulate other endocrine glands

goiter

enlargement of the thyroid gland that as it enlarges can cause difficulty breathing and swallowing

(result of iodine deficiency)

hirsutism

excessive body and facial hair

hormones

a) Chemical messengers. Influence metabolic activities, growth & devlpmnt \\n b) Chemicals formed in one tissue/organ and carried by the blood to simulate/inhibit a function of another \\n tissue/organ (textbook)

hyperglycemia

high levels of glucose (sugar) in blood

hypoglycemia

low levels of glucose (sugar) in blood

myxedema

\-waxy, nonpitting edema of the skin

\-severe hypothyroidism

polydipsia

Excessive thirst

polyuria

excessive production of urine

tetany

severe muscle twitches, cramps, and spasms

prognathism

condition of forward-projecting jaw

anoxia

condition without oxygen

cardiomegaly

abnormal enlargement of heart

cholecystectomy

excision of the gallbladder

cholecystitis

inflammation of the gall bladder

cystolithiasis

presence of stones in the urinary bladder

cystitis

inflammation of the bladder

diarrhea

thru flowing; frequent of unformed watery bowel movements

enteralgia

pain in the intestines

gastrectomy

surgical removal of the stomach

gastrocele

 A hernia in part of the stomach.

hematemesis

vomiting blood

lipemia

fat in blood

metastasis

spreading/beyond control

prognosis

before knowledge, prediction of course/end of disease: estimated chance of recovery

pylororrhaphy

suturing of the pyloric valve

tachypnea

abnormal rapid breathing

bradycardia

slow heart rate (below 60 beats per min)

dermatitis

inflammation of the skin

eupnea

normal breathing

hematemesis

vomiting of red blood

hematochezia

the passage of red blood stools

hematoma

\-swelling/mass of bld -collection of blood that has escaped from the blood vessels into surrounding tissues (bruise)

hematuria

blood in urine

hematocrit

percentage of red blood cells in the blood

tachycardia

rapid heart rate (above 100 beats per min)

diagnosis

recognize an abnormal condition

hemorrhage

to bleed profusely

hypertension

high blood pressure

hypotension

low blood pressure

pyrexia

an abnormally high body temp or fever (condition of heat)

cartilage

non-vascular, firm connective tissue found mostly in joints

holistic

characterized by the treatment of the whole person, taking into account mental and social factors, rather than just the symptoms of an illness.

homeostasis

stability or equilibrium of a system or the body's internal environment

hypertrophy

over develop/excessive growth

ligament

bone to bone

metabolism

\-the sum of the physical and chemical processes in a cell -the constantly changing physical and chemical process occurring in the cell that are the sum of anabolism/catabolism

muscle

movement

attaches bones

in walls of hollow internal organs

heart

organ

structure with specific functions in a body system

septicemia

blood poisoning, especially that caused by bacteria or their toxins.

tendon

muscle to bone

bladder

a) Muscular, hollow organ that temp. hold urine. As it fills, the thick, muscular wall becomes thinner & \\n organ increases in size

cortex

outer region, contains nephons

diuretic

agent that increases urine output

dysuria

difficulty or pain with urination

enuresis

\\n involuntary discharge of urine after the age at which bladder control should have been established.

hematuria

blood in urine

idiopathic

pertaining to the disease of an unknown etiology (cause)

incontinence

inability to prevent discharge of urine and feces

kidney

2 bean shaped organs located on each side of vertebral column, posterior wall of abdominal cavity, behind \\n parietal peritoneum (retroperitoneal)

Func: to remove waste products fr blood & aid in maintaining H2o \\n & electrolyte balance

meatus

opening where urine passes to outside

(external opening of a passage)

medulla

inner region, contains collective ducts which form papillary ducts

micturate

pass urine

nephron

urine producing microscopic structure, approx 1 million/kidney; glomerulus + tubules; filtration and reabsorption unit of kidney

(filtration unit of the kidney)

oliguria

scanty production of urine

renal pelvis

\\n funnel-shaped reservoir that collects urine from ducts & passes to ureter

uremia

condition caused by excess urea and other nitrogenous wastes in the blood

ureter

2 slender muscular tubes, 10”-13” (26-33 cm) long, ¼” (0.6cm) wide, recv urine fr kidneys & carry to posterior portion of bladder

(tube that connects the kidney to the urinary bladder)

urethra

a) Narrow tube (1.5” / 3.8 cm females; 8” / 20 cm males), urine passes fr bladder to outside of body \\n b) For males it is also part of repro sys bec carries seminal fluid

(canal leading from the bladder to the outside)

urethritis

inflammation of the urethra

urinalysis

examination of urine to separate it into its elements and define their kind and/or quantity

bulbourethral gland

1. Pair of sml glands located below prostate
2. Secrete thick alkaline mucus in early sexual stimulation (prior to ejaculation)
3. Lubricant & believed to protect sperm by neutralizing any acidic urine remaining in urethra
4. Correspond to Bartholin glands in females

(Cowper’s, pertaining to the bulbous penis and urethra)

circumcision

to remove part or all of the prepuce (foreskin)

cryptorchidism

hidden testicle

epididymis

1. Tightly coiled tube atop the testes; 20’ (6 meters) length
2. Carries mature sperm from testes to ductus deferens
3. Storage place for sperm & add nutrients to sperm (mature during slow passage thru). 12-20 days for maturation and become motile. Remain fertile 40-60 days and will disintegrate/reabsorbed if not ejaculated.
4. Contracts during ejaculation & moves sperm to ductus deferens

(coiled tube attached to the testes)

epispadias

condition in which the urethral opening is on the dorsum of the penis

hypospadias

the opening of the urethra is on the undersurface of the penis instead of at the head of the glans

(urethral opening more proximal than normal on the ventral surface of the penis)

impotence

inability to achieve an erection

(erectile dysfunction ED)

libido

sexual desire

sex drive

nocturia

excessive urination at night

penis

conveys urine and semen to the outside

Peyronie disease

penile bending and pain on erection

phimosis

condition in which the prepuce cannot be retracted

prepuce

foreskin

priapism

persistent erection of penis

prostate

1. Encircles the urethra, just below the bladder
2. Secretes a thin, alkaline, milky fluid which forms part of semen
3. Can be manually examined thru rectum
4. Tendency to enlarge in older men & may cause difficulty in urination by squeezing the prostatic portion of urethra
5. PSA-prostate-specific antigen, enzyme, high amounts may indicate further testing for Ca (blood test)

(organ surrounding the beginning of the urethra)

raphe

ridge (internal mediun septum) that divides scotum into two sections; continues up along penis

scrotum

\-Sac enclosing testes (skin covered pouch)

(skin covered sac between the thighs)

smegma

\\n thick, cheesy, odoriferous secretion found under the labia minora around the clitoris or under \\n the male prepuce.

(waxy secretion, oily material produced by glans and prepuce)

testicle

\-Paired, oval-shaped sex organs (lft one lower)

\-Produce sperm cells

\-Produces testosterone a) principal male sex hormone . Also stimulates spermatogenesis, erythropoiesis, libido/sex drive in male)

\-Seminiferous tubules (seminiferous = producing/carrying semen)

(one of the male reproductive glands)

urology

medical specialty of disorders of the urinary system

vasectomy

excision of a segment of the ductas (vas) deferrens

amniocentesis

removal of amniotic fluid for diagnostic purposes