Animal Science 200 UW Madison Exam 1

oviparous

laying eggs that hatch outside the mother's body

viviparous

live birth

ovovivparous

producing eggs that are hatched within the body, so that young are born alive

egg scatterers

-scatter eggs randomly

-may be adhesive to stick to things

-fertilization occurs ex vivo

Scoopers

-most round out a spot in gravel

-female deposits eggs

-male deposits semen

-parents fan nest with fins

mouth brooders

-eggs or fry may be moved from hole to hole in parents mouth

larvophile

Pick up young in mouth after they are born

bubble-nest builders (anabantids)

-can get oxygen from air bodies

-build floating nests of bubbles for eggs and young

-may live in oxygen-deficit biotope

-have striking mating ritual

-mate abuse

live-bearers

-actually ovoviviparous

-no true placenta

-anal fin becomes a gonopodium

-fertilization can last quite a while

invertebrates

lack vertebrae

sponges, coral, sea anemones, sea urchins

anatomy and physiology of fish

-use gills for breathing

-two-chambered heart

-skin with scales, with few exceptions

-Some have labyrinth (gulp air at surface)

-Swim bladder

Most are heterothermic

heterothermic

changing body temperature

gastropod

snails

-conch

-nudibranch

-hermaphroditism (male and female parts)

pelecypoda

clams, oysters, mussels, scallops

bi-valves

arthropods

crustaceans

crayfish

-jointed exoskeleton

-omnivorous

omnivorous

-fish, shrimp, meat, vegetables, table scraps

-will eat fish and uproot plants in aquarium

crabs (fiddler)

-semi terrestrial (will drown if submerged all the time for it carries its air down with its body)

-reproduction: male waves a big red claw to attract females

Hermit crabs

omnivorous diet

need to provide shells, they find shells in the wild

fats

-few are essential depending on species

-are delivery vessels for fat-soluble vitamins

-will produce 2.25 times more energy than carbs

-deficiency can lead to poor skin, hair loss, uncontrolled nervous responses, and mortality

carbs

-none are technically essential

-digestibility varies among species

energy can be supplied by

-fats

-carbs

-proteins

fat soluble vitamins

A, D, E, K

minerals

-inorganic

-cofactor for enzymes

-components of bones and teeth

-Electrolyte balance

-cell structure and function

Digestive tract

-small intestine = absorption

gut loading

feeding nutrients to feed animals

using protein as energy

bad for kidneys, expensive to buy protein rich food

water

MOST IMPORTANT

amphibians

-skin w/o scales

-heterothermic

-three chambered heart

-fresh-water and terrestrial, none marine

-few can handle brackish water

-have gills when young - lungs as adult (go through metamorphosis)

amphibian reproduction

-oviparous

-need water to reproduce

-young hatch from egg laid in or near water

-tadpoles are more like fish

amphibian housing

half water, half land

reptiles

-don't go through metamorphosis

-heterothermic

-three-four chambered heart

-body covered with scales

-air breathing (through life)

-terrestrial (secondary aquatic)

reptilian reproduction

-mostly oviparous, eggs are able to incubate OUTSIDE of water

-internal fertilization

-incubation by parents is rare

-length of incubation is dependent on environmental temperature

snakes

-should buy a captive-reared snake

-all are carnivores

-feed whole animals

-usually feed once a week or so

-don't eat during molting

-can live several months without feed

-most are oviparous, few are ovoviviparous

-want the mouth pink, no read or gasping

-need secure lid

lizards (leopard gecko)

-need to gut load

-provide calcium and vitamin D

-sexually mature by 1 year, lay 2 eggs in a "clutch"

-temperature-dependent on sex determination (warmer = males, cooler = females)

-aquarium, hiding area, shallow water dish

-regeneration of body parts (smaller)

turtle

-must hibernate before reproducing, females can hold sperm for a long time

-temperature-dependent sex determination (male = cool, female = warm)

-eat insects, fish, chicken, fruits, supplement vitamin A and calcium

-salmonella = infectious in the 70s

bacteria

single-celled organisms with simple cell structure, asexual

-most numerous of all cellular neurons

silage

the fermentation of plants

viruses

-made up of central core nucleic acid

-not cellular

-not susceptible to antibiotics

-difficult to destroy the virus without destroying the host

-antibiotics can be used to fight secondary infections

protozoa

single celled organism

more complex than virus or bacteria cells

reproduction: budding, splitting, spores

can be treated

parasites

internal = often in intestines, liver, gills or blood

-worms: roundworm, tapeworm, hookworm

external (skin) ticks, lamprey, mites, lice

prions

-protein particle that causes disease

-no nucleic acid

-degeneration of brain tissue

-contracted by eating infected nervous tissue

-long incubation period

-no treatment known

-chronic wasting disease

antigen

-something that is foreign to the body

-may be protein, piece of cell, virus particle

antibodies

-proteins produced by body in response to antigen

-produced by B-cells (have memory)

-attach to antigens to label them to be removed

-In a Y-form

titer

measure of amount of antibodies in body

serum

measures animal's resistance to a specific antigen

toxic agents

may be in feed, water, or air

-ammonia, nitrite, heavy metals

infectious dropsy

more a symptom than a disease, may be viral, scale protrusion, swollen look, may be caused by bacteria

amphibian diseases

red leg, common in captive frogs, caused by poor water quality, shell rot

reptile diseases

mouth rot, common in snake and turtles, mouthes may not close correctly

fungi

-organisms w/ no green coloring matter

-Rust, mold, yeast, mildew

-ringworm, athlete's foot, histoplasmosis

-treatable with antifungal agents

ich

cure = salt, protozoa disease, doesn't occur in saltwater, crowded poorly fed aquarium

MBD (metabolic bone disease)

most common disease of pet iguanas, caused by severe malnutrition

dystocia (egg binding)

female cannot expel eggs, caused by calcium deficiency, prevented by spaying animals

fish outer covering

scales

fish temp control

heterothermic

amphibians temp control

-heterothermic

-use evaporative cooling

-burrow into soil for cooling

reptiles temp control

heterothermic

fish heart complexity

2 chambers

amphibians heart complexity

3 chambers

reptiles heart complexity

3-4 chambers

fish births

mostly ovoviviparous

amphibian births

oviparous

reptile births

oviparous/ovoviviparous

fish breathing

gills

reptile breathing

lungs

fish history

first domesticated in china (goldfish)

some migrated to Japan which is koi

thought to be oviparous (some vivo and ovoviviparous)

aquarium needs

-water surface

-enough light

-correct temp

-water quality

-filtration/cleaning

-location

-correct feeding

filtration/cleaning (3)

mechanical, chemical, biological

best water for fish to be in

tap water, Distilled is the worst!!

mechanical filtration

gravel, wood/floss, catches waste

chemical filtration

activated charcoal filter

biological filtration

most important method, bacteria

which form of nitrogen is the most dangerous to fish

ammonia, then nitrite, then nitrate

turtle reproduction

dependent on temp. (warmer = males, cooler = females)

must hibernate first

females can store sperm for a while

will lay clutch of eggs

turtle jacobsons organs

patch of sensory cells within the main nasal chamber that detects heavy moisture-born odor particles

pit organs

receptor of infrared radiation (heat) on the heads of some snakes (pit vipers) to find prey

immune response

-self vs nonself

-body recognizes antigen

-marks antigen with B cell

-B-cells are continuously produced throughout life by memory

lymphocytosis

fish viral diseases, wartlike

rana virus

amphibian viral disease, spread by goldfish

grey patch disease

reptilian disease, turtles, causes a herpes virus

bacterial diseases

red leg, tuberculosis (amphibians)

mouth rot, salmonella, pneumonia (reptilian)

dropsy (fish, possibly viral)

nutritional problems turtles

excess protein

nutritional problems

calcium deficiency, vitamin D and A deficiency (common in turtles), metabolic bone disease (iguanas)

US Companion animals

roughly 1 to 1 person to pet

most common companion animal US

freshwater fish

germany companion animals

most have cats

japan companion animals

most have fish

australia companion animals

most have fish and birds

US households

More dogs than cats and fish

6 basic nutrients

proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, minerals, water

proteins

made up of amino acids, essential supplied in the diet, important in young growing animals

protein sources

eggs, meat, fish, soybean, alfalfa, insects, nuts

characteristics of amino acids

"R" group different in each amino acid, simplest form is "H" and nitrogen is present in H2N group

fat sources

oils, fats, lard, tallow

Common Carbohydrates

corn, rice, wheat, used in most feed

calorie

Amount of energy needed to raise temperature 1 gram of water 1 degree C

what happens when protein is used for energy rather than as protein?

-some parts are used and some are excreted

-some parts are excreted and some are stored for later

Important to drink lots of ____ while on a high protein diet

water

problem with the use of protein as an energy source

kidneys, cost

water soluble vitamins

not found in fat, dissolve in water

Vitamin C