final term exam

anoxia

condition without oxygen

cardiomegaly

enlargement of the heart

cholecystectomy

excision of gallbladder

cholecystitis

inflammation of the gallbladder

cystitis

inflammation of the bladder (UTI)

enteralgia

pain in the intestines

gastrectomy

surgical removal of the stomach

gastrocele

herniation in the stomack

lipemia

fatty blood condition

metastasis

spread of a disease from one part of the body to another

prognosis

before knowledge
predicting the course of disease/condition

pylororrhaphy

suturing of the pyloric valve

tachypnea

rapid breath/respiration

bradycardia

slow heart rate
(below 60 beats per min)

dermatitis

inflammation of the skin

eupnea

normal breathing

hematemesis

vomiting of red blood

hematochezia

the passage of red blood stools

hematoma

-swelling/mass of bld
-collection of blood that has escaped from the blood vessels into surrounding tissues (bruise)

hematuria

blood in urine

hematocrit

percentage of red blood cells in the blood

tachycardia

rapid heart rate
(above 100 beats per min)

diagnosis

recognize an abnormal condition

hemorrhage

to bleed profusely

hypertension

high blood pressure

hypotension

low blood pressure

pyrexia

an abnormally high body temp or fever (condition of heat)

cartilage

non-vascular, firm connective tissue found mostly in joints

holistic

pertaining to the care of the whole person in physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual dimensions

homeostasis

stability or equilibrium of a system or the body's internal environment

hypertrophy

increase in size, but not in number, of an individual tissue element

metabolism

-the sum of the physical and chemical processes in a cell
-the constantly changing physical and chemical process occurring in the cell that are the sum of anabolism/catabolism

organ

structure with specific functions in a body system

abrasion

area of skin or mucous membrane that has been scraped off

alopecia

thinning of the hair and baldness as the follicles shrink and produce thin wispy hairs

arrector pili

smooth muscle (in papillary of dermis) when contracts causes hair to "stand up"

burns

1) First degree (surperficial)
2) Second degree (partial-thickness)
3) Third degree (full-thickness)
4) Fourth degree

First degree

(superficial) - epidermis, inflammation w/redness, pain, slight edema, 3-5 days healing, no
scarring, i.e. sunburn

debridement

the removal of injured or necrotic tissue

diaphoresis

an excessive amount of sweating, as seen with very stressful situations or medical conditions, such as a myocardial infarction (heart attack)

incision

a cut or surgical wound

keloid

raised, irregular, lumpy, shiny scar due to excess collagen fiber production during healing of a wound

laceration

a tear of the skin

melasma

patchy pigmentation of the skin

vitiligo

nonpigmented white patches on otherwise normal skin
(skin blemish)

anorexia

severe lack of appetite
aversion to food

appendix

small blind projection from the pouch of the cecum

chyme

mixture of partially digested food and digestive secretions in stomach and small intestines during digestion
(varicolored, thick, nearly liquidmas)

cirrhosis

extensive fibrotic liver disease

constipation

hard, infrequent bowel movements

deglutition

swallowing; moves bolus of food into esophagus

diarrhea

through flow of feces

dyspepsia

upset stomach
epigastic pain
nausea and gas

gallbladder

Small, sac-like structure that stores bile; located on inferior surface of liver

hepatitis

inflammation of the liver

jaundice

a symptom of many different diseases in the biliary tract and liver
yellow discoloration of skin
icterus

intussusception

slipping of one part of an intestine into another part just below it, becoming ensheathed/telescoped.

large intestine

cecum
colon
rectum

large intestine

5’ (1.5 m) long & extends fr ileum to anus; located around perimeter of small intestine

cecum

1st portion of lg intest; blind pouch - appendix (lymphatic nodules) extends down fr cecum (rt side); aka vermifom appendix 3-4” (7.5-10.4 cm)

colon

2nd portion of lg intest;
- ascending
- transverse
- descending
- sigmoid

rectum

4-5” (10-12 cm), extends fr sigmoid colon to anus; “stool storage”; Last 1” is “anal canal”

large intestine function

a) Final stages of digestion with absorption of excess moisture, minerals & vitamins
b) Forms, stores and eliminates stool (undigested material)
c) Mucus glands present

mastication

chewing

pancreas

Gland located behind stomach (w/in curve of duodenum), produces pancreatic juice, insulin & glucagon

papillae

small projections
small, rough, raised areas on the tongue

plicae

circular folds in wall of sml intestine made up of mucosa & sub mucosa. Increase surface area for nutrient absorption.

peristalsis

wavelike muscular contractions
(contraction/relaxation)

pharynx

1) Passageway for food from mouth to the esophagus (also air from nasal cavity to the larynx); throat
2) Common passageway for food/air
3) Deglutition

rugae

folds of epithelium
fold, ridge, crease

stomach

J shaped sac for food; storage & mixture

palate

roof of the mouth

small intestine

duodenum
jejunum
ileum

small intestine

20’ (6 meters) canal extending fr pyloric sphincter to lg intestine; most convoluted portion of digestive tract

small intestine function

a) digestion of food (common bile & pancreatic ducts empty into duodenum; carry bile from GB)
b) primary absorption of food (nutrients)
c) secrete different enzymes & hormones

duodenum

1st section of sml intest; 10”-12” (25cm); where the common bile duct (from liver & pancreatic ducts) join & empty into

jejunum

2nd portion of sml intest; 8’ (2.4 meters)

ileum

3rd portion of sml intest; 11’ ( 3.3 m), connects w/lg intestine @ the ileocecal valve

thrush

an infection occurring anywhere in the mouth and caused by the fungus candida albicans

uvula

fleshy projection of the soft palate

Alzheimer disease

form of dementia (60-80% of dementia have it), nerve cells assoc w/memory & cognition (thinking, learning, memory) are replaced by abnormal clumps & tangles of protein.

aneurysm

dilation of artery

ataxia

jerky, cannot coordinate movement

brainstem

pons
medulla oblongata
midbrain

cerebellum

1. Located under posterior portion of cerebrum
2. Assists in coordination of skeletal muscles & maintains balance


1. Interrelates w/brainstem structures to coordinate vol movements; speed, trajectory & stopping mvmts,
maintaining posture & bal, walking, running, writing, eating, playing musical instru, tracking movements of
eyes)

hindbrain

cerebellum

cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)

clear, colorless fluid contained in ventricles, flows thru subarachnoid space around brain & s.c. Cushions & protects brain & s.c. from shock, transports nutrients & clears metabolic waste.

cerebrum

cerebral cortex
ventricles

cerebrum

1) Lgst portion of brain; lft & rt hemispheres
2) Folds/convolutions/ridges (gyrus/gyri) & shallow grooves (sulcus/sulci) & deeper grooves (fissures)
3) Four lobes a) Frontal, b) Parietal, c) Temporal,
d) Occipital

cerebral cortex

a) thin, convoluted layer of gray matter (unmyelinated nerve fibers) that folds into gyrus/gyri, sulcus/sulci &
fissures
b) contains 70% of the neurons
c) white matter
d) myelin

ventricles

spaces w/in cerebrum that contain CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) which flows thru subarachnoid space around brain & spinal cord.

cauda equina

group/bundle of nerve fibers in the vertebral canal below the ending of the spinal cord.
“Horse tail”

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

clear, colorless fluid contained in ventricles, flows thru subarachnoid space around brain & s.c. Cushions & protects brain & s.c. from shock, transports nutrients & clears metabolic waste.

confusion

mental state in which environmental stimuli are not processed appropriately

delirium

acute altered state of consciousness with agitation and disorientation condition is reversible

dementia

chronic, progressive, irreversible loss of mind's cognitive and intellectual functions
short term memory loss, confusion

dopamine

confined to small areas of the brain, plays a role in movement, memory and pleasurable reward, behavior and cognition mood and learning

endorphin

natural substance of the brain for pain relief

epilepsy

Chronic disorder where neurons discharge electrical signal in an abnormal rhythm. Sxs: seizure, convulsions, loss of consciousness.

gray matter

neural cell bodies, axon terminals, dendrites, synapses