Ottoman Empire AP World History Period 2

Who in ottoman empire

Central asian nomads

Ottomans pushed out by who

Mongols, ottoman settles in Anatolia (Turkey)

Who is osman

Unites turkish clans (refer to P1)

Decentralized tribe leaders in charge

Sultan needs others to enforce rules + collect taxes

Ottoman takes over what empire

Abbasid Empire (review)

What issue on border w/ mongols

Power struggle - neither are strong enough to fully conquer the other

Ottoman conquest w/ who

Clashes/conflict with Byzantine empire

Conquer Constantinople (Istanbul) 1453 with gunpowder weapons

Take land from other islamic empires, russia

Sultan controls army - feels weak compared to tribal leaders

Religious motivation in ottoman

Sunni muslims

Ghazi - warriors for Islam to keep/preserve religion

troops led by tribal leaders in ottoman

Devshirme

slave tax

Christian villages own tax and young boys

no prejudice of any sort

trained to be soldiers/bureaucrats (called Janissaries)

Janissaries

slave boys that become islamic then train to be soldiers/bureaucrats

are loyal to sultan

Conquest what trade routes

Navy-Mediterranean trade route

several wars —> push out italian city states —> control trade

Ottoman administration early

decentralized - tribal leaders as governors and army (they want to have the power)

Ulama - control legal system sharia law

Jizya - tax on jews + Christians —> ppl flee over time —> more homogeneity (same ppl)

Ottoman administration late

Jannisaries - gain more power → replace tribal leaders + ulamas overtime

More power + wealth —> Harem

Viziers

Religion is tool of legitimacy

public works projects, geometric mosques (!!), madrasas, handwritten books

tax farming (way of appointing jobs)

Harem

nice living space, a social area, like living room, garden, kitchen, very well furnished

Vizier

right hand man, high ranking minister (came from Janissaries)

Tax farming

give job of tax collector to those willing to be paid the least

Ottoman economy

trade routes - dominate trade + control taxes

bazaars - stimulate trade, central location, taxed

guilds - quality, production, price (rug, tiles, silk, pottery, glass)

Ottoman society

population increases bc:

new intensive farming methods

irrigation, fertilizers, incentives to grow more

Ottoman foods

tobacco + coffee - coffee houses known for debate + business, social area

Women status in ottoman

Womens status decreases - rejection of west’s ideas of women, back to traditional roles

Wahhabi movement

Wahhabi movement

forced strict orthodox movement

VERY traditional women roles

influences government very much

Ottoman empire decline

long period of decline (since 1750)

2nd half of ottoman is very weak

administrative issues - can’t raise taxes + disorganized + weaker trade + lower production

peasants rebel when taxes raised

Line of succession issue

line of succession after sultan’s death too confusing - sons fight for power - try to imprison family

rulers out of touch with the ppl - are disconnected bc they dont understand the ppl

Outside reasons for decline

Europeans enter asian trade —> silk road declines bc China/europe doesnt use —> cant control / monopolize anymore

unwilling to adopt ideas from europe (wahhabi)

europe made more efficient gunpowder - ottomans reject

attacked by Safavid (shi’a muslims) because surrounded geographically

Omani empire rising + hurting maritime trade