BIO 168- Chapter 7

For the biomolecules, classify as one of the four types of biological molecules (lipid, protein, nucleic acid, carbohydrate) 7-dehydrocholesterol [a]calcidiol [b]

lipid, lipid

For the biomolecules, classify as one of the four types of biological molecules (lipid, protein, nucleic acid, carbohydrate)calcitriol [a]cholecalciferol [b]collagen [c]

lipid, lipid, protein

For the biomolecules, classify as one of the four types of biological molecules (lipid, protein, nucleic acid, carbohydrate)glycoproteins [a] and [b]parathyroid hormone [c]

protein, carbohydrate, lipid

For the biomolecules, classify as one of the four types of biological molecules (lipid, protein, nucleic acid, carbohydrate)proteoglycans [a] and [b]sex hormones [c]

protein, carbohydrate, lipid

Identify the specific type of tissue (using the list from the Histology Lab).articular cartilage [a]compact bone [b]

hyaline cartilage, bone

Identify the specific type of tissue (using the list from the Histology Lab).epiphyseal plate [a]intervertebral disc [b]ligament [c]

hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage, dense regular connective tissue

Identify the specific type of tissue (using the list from the Histology Lab).perichondrium [a]periosteum [b]pubic symphysis [c]

dense irregular connective tissue, dense irregular connective tissue, fibrocartilage

Identify the specific type of tissue (using the list from the Histology Lab).red bone marrow [a]spongy bone [b]yellow bone marrow [c]

reticular connective tissue, bone, adipose connective tissue

what bone cells are found in compact bone?

osteocytes, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, osteoprogenitor cells

Where is extracellular matrix found? Inside or outside of the cells?

outside

Which cell type builds extracellular matrix?

osteoblasts

The extracellular matrix for compact bone has two main parts: osteoid and hydroxyapatite.Which one is the organic component of the matrix?

osteoid

The organic component of the matrix has a significant portion made of a protein fiber we've seen in connective tissue already. What is the name of this protein fiber?

collagen fiber

What organelle in the cell that builds matrix will make the primary structure of this protein?

bound ribosomes

What process occurs at this organelle to make the primary structure of this protein?

translation

what cell will start the embryonic growth of a femur?

mesenchymal cell

what type of cartilage growth starts with mesenchymal cells?

appositional growth

mesenchymal cells ,which are found at the perimeter, will divide to produce what kind of cell?

chondroblasts

Once it is surrounded by matrix it becomes a

chondrocyte

What process causes the cartilage model to grow in length?

interstitial growth

what type of cell starts interstitial growth?

chondrocytes

The models for the long bones, including the femur, develop between 8 and 12 weeks' gestation. What type of tissue is this model?

hyaline cartilage

After 12 weeks, the cartilage model begins to calcify in a process called

endochondral ossification

endochondral ossification starts in the future diaphysis of the bone. Here, chondrocytes get larger, meaning they start to [a], and eat away at the cartilage matrix.

hypertrophy

Perichondrium becomes [a]. However, the tissue type does not change; it is still [b].

periosteum, dense irregular connective tissue

what cell would die?

chondrocyte

what cell would enter to make matrix?

osteoblast

What cell would be needed to make the matrix-forming cells?

osteoprogenitor cell

To make the medullary cavity, bone needs to be removed from the center of the diaphysis. What cells would resorb or eat matrix to form this cavity? [a]

osteoclasts

Bones will grow in length generally until a person is in their 20s. This process is called

interstitial growth

The zone furthest from the diaphysis, which is Zone 1, is called the Zone of [a]. Here, no growth is happening. The cells of the cartilage, called [b], are living their best life

resting cartilage, chondrocytes

In Zone 2, the zone of [a], rapid cell division is happening and longitudinal columns of cells form. What kind of cells are these? [b]

proliferating cartilage, chondrocytes

What two processes are happening during this cell division? [a] and [b]

mitosis and cytokinesis

In Zone 3, the zone of [a], chondrocytes stop dividing and enlarge. They start to reabsorb matrix.

hypertrophic cartilage

In Zone 4, the zone of [a], minerals are deposited in the matrix and the chondrocytes die leaving holes in the matrix.

calcified cartilage

In Zone 5, the zone of [a], capillaries and stem cells called [b] enter. The stem cells divide to form which cell? [c]. These cells will build matrix.

ossification, osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts

The process of bones growing wider is called

appositional growth

Bone is deposited at the periosteum. Which cell would build bone matrix?

osteoblasts

Bone is resorbed at the endosteum. Which cell would resorb bone matrix?

osteoclasts

A full-grown femur is now present, but growth doesn't stop here. It continues throughout the lifetime where old bone is replaced with new bone in a process called

bone remodeling

bone remodeling has the same steps as which type of bone growth?

appositional growth

The stress of muscles pulling on bones is detected by [a] which signal [b] to add new matrix.

osteocytes, osteoblasts

The process of growing a flat bone like the frontal bone is done through a process called

intramembranous ossification

Matrix is deposited and calcifies to form an immature type of bone called

woven bone

This immature bone develops so that compact bone is on the outer edges, and [a] bone is in the interior.

spongy

What is the job of an osteoblast in all types of bone development?

to build matrix and build bone (osteoid specifically)

What is the job of an osteoprogenitor cell in all types of bone development?

form/create osteoblasts

What is the job of a chondroblast in all types of cartilage growth?

produce cartilage matrix

Does an osteoblast divide to make an osteocyte or develop into an osteocyte?

develop

Think back to embryonic cartilage growth. Both cartilage growth processes overlap, but one must start before the other. Which one must start first?

appositional growth

Which two hormones work together when blood calcium is low?

calcitriol, parathyroid hormone