BIOL 319 TAMU Exam 1 - Lee

Homeostasis

Balance in the body's internal environment

Living organisms respond to...

stimuli

5 physically relevant ions

Na, K, Mg, Ca, Cl

What happens if you change form of protein

changes the function of it

X Ray

Electromagnetic radiation moves through body and is exposed on photographic plate; creates radiograph

Ultrasound

sound waves pass into body and bounce back to receiver; visualizes as a sonogram

angiography

similar to CT scan but uses a radiopaque dye to enhance differences in areas

-used to check blood vessels

-blood vessels do no show up in X-rays

MRI

radio waves

How to read an X ray

if dense = white

air = black

grey = other structures, depending on density

Radiograph

flat 2D image

-XRAY

ultrasound detects gender

between 16 and 22 weeks of pregnancy

Lithotripsy

ultrasound waves are used to break the kidney stone into smaller pieces, which can pass out with the urine

Ultrasound used for many reasons

-view ovaries and uterus during pregnancy and monitor baby's health

-diagnose gallbladder disease

-evaluate blood flow

-guide needle for biopsy or tumor

-examine breast lump

-check thyroid gland

-find genital and prostate problems

PET

metabolic states of various tissues

pathology

structural and functional changes caused by disease

structural level of organization

chemical level --> cell level --> tissue --> organ

tissue

groups of similar cells and the materials surrounding them

Types of Tissues

Epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous

Which tissues have RMP?

ALL four of them

RMP

resting membrane potential - difference in charge across membrane

integumentary system

skin = largest organ = defense

is epidermis living

NOT living

Skeletal system

consists of bones (source of Ca++ and blood cells - marrow cavities x 2)

Muscular system

ONLY voluntary one that has outward manifestation

-produces body heat, posture, body movements

Hemodynamics

blood flow changes - blood flow to skin

nervous system

input of info --> processing (CNS) --> output

Prefrontal cortices

think and reason & cause and effect

COGNITION

Endocrine system

INTO blood = HORMONES

influences metabolism

why are hormones more effective than neurotransmitters

HIGHER number of numbers

Lympatic system

picks up extra fluid! ALWAYS LEAKING

removes foreign substances from blood and lymph, combats disease, maintain tissue fluid balance

relationship between pH and CO2

Inverse! one up, other down

Medulla

-respiration rate

-heart rate

-blood pressure

Relationship between skeletal muscle and BMR

direct! one increases other increases

bigger muscle, testosterone goes up

Metabolism

ability to use used energy to perform vital functions; all chemical reactions of body

Responsiveness

ability to sense changes in interior and exterior environment and adjust

Physiology about...

ranges

effector

generates the response which can change the value of variable

receptor

monitors value of some variable by detecting a stimulus (change in variable)

Examples of Negative Feedback

-temperature regulation

-blood pressure during exercise

Secretion vs Excretion

Secretion: good! body makes something and sends it out

Excretion: waste

Body Temp Feedback System

- Vasoconstrictions when we're COLD; decrease blood flow to skin to minimize heat loss

- Flushing when hot: blood vessels widen to cool down body

Baroreceptors

detect pressur

Pressure feed back system during exercise

standing up decreases pressure, not receiving blood to brain, HEADH RUSH

when exercising: heart rate increase, blood vessels constrict, increase resistance

Positive Feedback

Labor!

Pressure begins to mount of baroreceptors of cervix: releases oxytocin and uterus contracts, putting more pressure on cervix

Anterior and Posterior

ventral and dorsal

Body Cavities

1.Cranial cavity

2. vertebral cavity

3. thoracic cavity

4. abdominopelvic cavity

What four questions do you use?

1. What made of?

2.What does it look like?

3. What does it look like when it doesn't function correctly?

4.Treatment?

Serous membranes

secrete lubricant --> less friction

covers organs of body cavities and lines cavity

Visceral serous

COVERS the organ

parietal serous

lines the cavity

Pleura

lung

pericardium

around heart

Peritoneum

around internal, abdominal organs

Lose pressure inter plural space

collapsed lung

mesentery

regions of double folded visceral peritoneum that is attached to certain points to the posterior abdominopelvic wall

-whitish layer around organs in abdominal cavity

Transitional Epithelium

stretches and expands - ureter - goes back to original state

Biopsy

removal of tissues for diagnostic purposes

Embryonic germ layers (3)

endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm

endoderm

forms GI tract

mesoderm

muscle, bone, blood vessels

ectoderm

forms skin and neuroectoderm

Avascular

materials must move by diffusion from underlying connective tissue

how many cell lengths away can obtain enough oxygen from capillary?

6-8 cell lengths

Endothelial

blood and lymphatic vessels

Apical surface

free surface

Goblet cells

secrete mucus

Carcinoma

cancer of epithelial tissue

Ureter vs urethra

ureter: 2 f them - kidney down to bladder

urethra: where pee comes out

Cilia

move mucus across surface of cells

Mucocilitary escalator

- Mucociliary escalator: respiratory tree = trachea and bronchi

- Trap impurities with mucus, cilia beat up (phlegm)

Desmosomes

often found in areas that are subjected to stress - consists of an especially adhesive material between cells

gap junctions

share cytoplasm AND ions

endocrine vs exocrine

endocrine: no open contact with exterior, no ducts; extensive network of blood vessels; produce hormones

exocrine: open contact maintained with exterior by way of ducts that open onto free surface of epithelium

GI, liver, and colon

part of EXOCRINE

Cystic Fibrosis

build up of mucus - issue with goblet cells

autosomal recessive disorder with issues of Cl- ion

Integral proteins

channels, carriers, pumps, receptors

Morbidity

medical condition

Vommitting/diarrhea

dehydration - issues with ions

Merocrine

(standard) exocytosis

Apocrine

pinches off fragments of gland cells; mammary glands and ceruminous glands

Holocrine glands

shedding of entire cells; sebaceous glands (ex: sebaceous glands

Sebum

oil clogs pores - inflammatory and white blood cells increase

most commonly broken bone

clavicle

tendon

strain

bone to muscle

ligament

sprain

bone to bone

achilles/cracanial tendon

largest tendon

what connects to achilles tendon

planters, gastrocnemius, soleous

osteoblast

build bone

osteocytes

mature bone cells, maintain it

osteoclasts

break it down (cleave it)

mast cell

produces inflammation, type of white blood cell; releases histamine in response to injury

white blood cells

leukocytes

respond to injury or infection

Platelets

fragments of hematopoietic cells involved in clotting - thrombocytes - NOT cells

collagen

most common protein in body - strong, flexible

reticular

fills spaces between tissues and organs

elastic

returns to its original shape after dissension or compression

hyaluronic acid

good lubricant - help retain water in skin - helps skin stretch - prevents wrinkles

three types of cartilage

hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic

mammary vs breast glands

primates: breast

all mammals: mammary gland

cartilage heals slowly because...

avascular and no nerve supply