BIO1030 Test 4 Study Guide

Fungi Form A ____________ Group

monophyletic

Approximately how many known species of fungi are there?

100,000

What are fungi cells walls composed of?

chitin

Slender filamentous Cells Found in fungi

hyphae

The ancestor of fungi was most likely a ________

aquatic single-celled flagellated protist

What divides hyphae into individual cells?

septa, PS cytoplasm flows through septa.

A mass of hyphae is called ____________

mycelium

The part of a mushroom that is above ground is what part of the organism?

The reproductive structures

fungi reproduce using ___________

spores

Sexual spores in fungi

meiospores (formed by meiosis)

Asexual spores in fungi

mitospores (formed by mitosis)

Syngamy (fertilization) has two steps, what are they? And what do each of the steps represent?

Plasmogamy - union of gamete cells
Karyogamy - union of gamete nuclei

Some fungi do plasmogamy, but delay karyogamy, forming cells that have two seperate haploid nuclei. What are these hyphae called?

Dikaryotic

List the five fungal phyla.

__________ enable fungi to colonize new environments.

Spores

Fungi use what to break down complex molecules?

Hydrolytic enzymes

What are fungi in reference to how they attain carbon?

Heterotrophs

The most common body structure found in fungi

multicellular filaments.

Name the 5 fungal phyla:

Chytrids, Zoopagomycota, Mucoromycota, Ascomycota, and Basidiomycota

How are the phyla in KingdomFungi seperated?

By how meiospores are formed (how sexual reproduction is done)

Kingdom Fungi forms a clade with what organisms?

Kingdom animalia, Choanoflaggelates, and their protist ancestors.

What phyla form a sister group and are a basal fungal lineage?

Cryptomycetes and microsporidians

Cryptomycetes

Have flagellated spores, many species are parasites of other fungi, and there are 30 species found globally.

Microsporidians

unicellular parasite of protists and animals, have reduced mitochondria and very small genome, and produce spores that infect a host cell with a harpoon organelle.

What is an ecological and economically important example of Microsporidians?

Nosema Cerenae - causes colony collapse disorder in honeybees.

Chytrids

only fungi with flagella, date back to 400 MYA, many use as reference to what ancestral fungi looked like, utilize both sexual and asexual reproduction, only truly motile fungi phylum, primarily aquatic, and has motile "zoospores".

zoopagomycetes

live as parasites or as commensal symbionts of animals; some are parasites of other fungi or protists, reproduce sexually and asexually, and form filamentous hyphae.

What fungal phyla is responsible for many deaths of frogs and other amphibians?

Chytrids

what is the name for the strong structure that protects the diploid zygote in Zoopagomycetesand a few Mucoromycetes?

Zygosporangia

Key feature of Zoopagomycota

non-flagellated spores that are wind-dispersed

Mucoromycota

important decomposers, include 160 species of molds, when eating sexual reproduction may occur, others live as parasites mutualists or pathogens of plants (including some mycorrhizae)

plasmogamy

fusion of mycelia of different mating types. this produces a Zygosporangium

Mucoromycetes that are resistant to freezing temperatures and is metabollicaly inactive

Zoosporangia

About 85% of all plant species have mutualistic partnerships with

arbuscular mycorrhizae

Ascomycota

sac fungi, has septate hyphae, bothdikaryotic and monokaryotic hyphae.

more than 25% of this phylum form symbiotic relationships with algae or lichens.

Ascomycota

Sac where meiospores are formed in Ascomycetes

Ascus

Fruiting body where asci are contained

ascoma (plural ascomata)

What are conidia?

Asexual spores of ascomycetes. Produced at the tips of specialized hyphae called conidiophores.

What are Conidophores?

modified hyphae for making mitospores

Ascomycota is the largest group of fungi? (T/F)

TRUE

What are some examples of economical and ecologically important Ascomycetes?

Truffles, Morels, Yeasts, and fungal part of lichens.

Unicellular, ferment carbohydrates, of which most are ascomycetes.

Yeasts

Lichens

partnership between fungi and unicellular photosynthesizer (which is usually a green algae or cyanobacteria)

An example of a pioneer organism? (first organism in a given environment)

Lichens.

What are some examples of pathogenic ascomycetes?

human yeast infection, dutch elm disease, and chestnut blight.

Basidiomycota

50 thousand species known, have septate hyphae, and have both monokaryotic and dikaryotic hyphae (dikaryotic being the dominant form)

basidium

a club-shaped cell in which karyogamy and meiosis occur

A common example of basidiomycota.

White mushrooms.

Fruiting body where basidia are contained?

Basidioma

Some roles basidiomycota play in the ecosystem are:

Pathogens of plants, Important decomposers, and Some basidiomata are edible, some deadly poisonous, some hallucinogenic.

What phylum has the phenomenon fairy ring?

Basidiomycota.

What is the largest organism on the planet?

Armillaria, a member of basidiomycota

smuts and rusts help farmers to grow crops such as corn and wheat (T/F)

FALSE. Pathogens of plants (smuts and rusts cause billions of dollars in damage to grain crops)

Fungi play key roles in

nutrient cycling, ecological interactions, and human welfare

endophytes

Fungi that live inside leaves or other plant parts (most are ascomyetes)

Fungus used to produce antibiotics for the treatment of bacterial infections.

Penicillium

played an important role in the colonization of land by plants. 80% of plants have a relationship with these.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

a symbiotic association between a photosynthetic microorganism and a fungus. Fungus is oftentimes an ascomycete 420 MYA landfall

Lichen

About 30% of known fungal species are

parasites or pathogens, mostly on or in plants

Fungi are not responsible for the mass destruction of plants harvested (T/F)

FALSE. 10-50% of all fruit harvest annually is lost due to fungal interference.

The general term for a fungal infection in animals

mycosis. Some examples of organisms that do this are ringworm and athlete's foot.

What defines Kingdom Animalia?

Multicellular heterotrophs with tissues, No cell walls, and is a Monophyletic group (also clade with choanoflagellates)

What characteristics are associated with animals?

Largely Heterotrophic, Sexual reproduction, Active movement, and Cells move within organism during development (and throughout life).

embryonic development stages for most animals:

Zygote to morula (solid ball of cells) - Morula to blastula (ball becomes hollow) - Blastula to gastrula (ball folds in to form a hollow sac with one opening, the blastopore)

most animals do not have a larval stage (T/F)

FALSE. Most animals DO have a larval stage.

Hox genes

Unique to animals. An important family of regulatory genes.

Choanoflagellates are broadly accepted as a sister group to Metazoa (T/F)

TRUE

Recent evidence points to the following metazoan groups as basal:

Phylum Porifera, Phylum Ctenophora, Phylum Cnidaria, Order Acoela.

body plans

sets of morphological and developmental traits

The two types of animal symmetry:

radial and bilateral

What animal group lacks true tissues?

Sponges

Tissues

group of similar cells organized into a structural and functional unit

Diploblastic

only contain ectoderm and endoderm. Example is Cnidaria and Ctenophora.

All bilaterally symmetrical animals are diploblastic? (T/F)

FALSE. All bilaterally symmetrical animals are triploblastic.

Endoderm

inner germ layer; becomes gut (gastrodermis)

Ectoderm

outer layer; source of outer covering (epidermis) and nervous system

Mesoderm

middle layer between ecto- and endoderm; most organs form from mesoderm tissue. Found in all of the clade bilateria.

4 key transitions in body plan during the course of evolution in metazoans

Development of bilateral symmetry, Development of the body cavity, Development of protostomes and deuterostomes, and segmentation.

Able develop a definite head and brain area

cephalization

Coelomate

have fluid-filled cavity (coelom) within mesoderm and surrounded by mesodermal tissue

Pseudocoelomate

have fluid-filled cavity (pseudocoel) between mesoderm and endoderm

Acoelomate

no body cavity

protostomes

First mouth. Have determinate cleavage.

Deuterosomes

Second mouth. Have indeterminate cleavage.

Segmentation

The body develops from blocks or segments

Advantages of segmentation

Redundancy, More flexible locomotion, and Opportunity for specialization.

5 important points about the relationships among living animals

all animals share a common ancestor, sponges (porifera) are a sister to all other animals, Eumetazoa (true animals) is a clade in which all of its members have tissue, most animals belong to the clade bilateria, and there are three major clades of bilaterian animals.

what are the 3 major bilaterian clades?

Deuterostomia, Lophotrochozoa, and Ecdysozoa

Lophotrochozoa

Composed only of invertebrates, have a feeding structure called a lophophore, and have the distinctive developmental stage called the trochophore larva.

Ecdysozoans

Composed only of invertebrates, secrete external skeletons, and shed these skeletons through the process of ecdysis

Deuterostomia

includes hemichordates (acorn worms), echinoderms (sea stars and relatives), and chordates. This clade includes both vertebrate and invertebrate individuals.

Porifera

the "sponges", latest data suggests that this group is a clade, and NOT a grade, asymmetrical, the larvae are free-swimming and the adults are sessile (no tissues)

What special cells and processes do filter-feeders such as sponges use when feeding?

Filter-feeding, water comes in through pores and enters the inner spongocoel cavity, then choanocytes collect any food that they grab onto, and the water leaves the body through a large pore called the osculum.

Choanocytes

(flagellated cells also called collar cells) that move water using their flagellae.

spicules and spongin

spicules are the scaffolding or "skeleton" of a sponge, spongin is a protein that also supports the body in some.

Ctenophora (comb jellies)

100 species, diploblastic, radially symmetrical and more complex than cniderians, and have anal pores (two openings) that water passes through. Most are bioluminescent, and move using comb like structures of cilia.

Cnidaria

coral, hydra, jellies, and anemones. 10,000 species, mostly marine, have distinct tissues, but no organs, have a simple nerve net and are carnivorous.

Cnidocytes

Special stinging structures on cnidarians that look like small harpoons that are used to kill prey.

(T/F) Cnidarians utilize intracellular digestion.

FALSE. Cnidarians use extracellular digestion, this means that they can eat much larger items and that they produce digestive enzymes.